To date My search for My ancestry in England and America is traceable to William and Anthony de Witham of Cliffe and His Son John de Witham of Cliffe during the the middle 13 and 1400s … Stay tuned
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As soon as Europeans arrived in New Netherland, they began to search for mineral wealth, particularly precious metals. Initially, they traded for metal with the Native Americans and later, as homesteads and communities were established, the Europeans began to explore on their own. Gold and silver were never found in economic quantities, but other metals were equally or more important for daily life. Iron was first extracted from “bog” deposits. These were small pockets of limonite that were literally deposited in swamps. At the same time, limonite occurred in weathered pockets of rock in the Hudson Highlands and was used for ore. These deposits soon proved to be too small and lean, and further exploration revealed many deposits of magnetite
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It’s always been about the Richs the Moolah
AN UPDATE ON THE COLONIZATION OF THE MIDDLE EAST
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AMORICA / AMERICA Rome on the Tiber COLONIA-ISTS and Yes Absolutely the GRAND SCHEME of Daniel Carroll and all His PALS
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BY GOD WE ARE THE LAW
Johnson & Graham’s Lessee v. McIntosh, 21 U.S. 543 (1823) THE GREAT WHITE FATHERS ARE THIEVES
The indigenous people of the U.S. had some rights on their land. They had the right to use and occupy it. But they couldn’t sell it on the open market because they didn’t really own it.
That was the official legal ruling for the United States government: that native people did not actually own the land they’d lived on for thousands of years.
And yes, this decision had a huge impact. If and when native people ever did want to sell their land rights, there was only one buyer they could turn to. That meant the buyer had the upper hand in the negotiations over price.
It was a rigged deal.
U.S. Supreme Court
Johnson & Graham’s Lessee v. McIntosh, 21 U.S. 8 Wheat. 543 543 (1823)
Johnson & Graham’s Lessee v. McIntosh
21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 543
ERROR TO THE DISTRICT
COURT OF ILLINOIS
Syllabus
A title to lands under grants to private individuals made by Indian tribes or nations northwest of the River Ohio in 1773 and 1775 cannot be recognized in the courts of the United States.
Discovery the original foundation of titles to land on the American continent as between the different European nations by whom conquests and settlements were made here.
Recognition of the same principle in the wars, negotiations, and treaties between the different European powers.
Adoption of the same principle by the United States.
The exclusive right of the British government to the lands occupied by the Indians has passed to that of the United States.
Foundation and limitation of the right of conquest.
Application of the principle of the right of conquest to the case of the Indian savages. Nature of the Indian title, as subordinate to the absolute ultimate title of the government.
Effect of the proclamation of 1763.
Titles in New England under Indian grants.
This was an action of ejectment for lands in the State and District of Illinois, claimed by the plaintiffs under a purchase and conveyance from the Piankeshaw Indians and by the defendant under a grant from the United States. It came up on a case stated upon which there was a judgment below for the defendant. The case stated set out the following facts:
1st. That on 23 May, 1609, James I, King of England, by his letters patent of that date, under the great seal of England, did erect, form, and establish Robert, Earl of Salisbury, and others, his associates, in the letters patent named and their successors into a body corporate and politic by the name and style of “The Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and Planters of the City of London for the first Colony in Virginia,” with perpetual succession and power to make, have, and use a common seal, and did give, grant, and confirm unto this company, and their successors,
under certain reservations and limitations in the letters patent expressed,
“All the lands, countries, and territories situate, lying, and being in that part of North America called Virginia, from the point of land called Cape or Point Comfort all along the seacoast to the northward two hundred miles, and from the said Cape or Point Comfort all along the seacoast to the southward two hundred miles, and all that space and circuit of land lying from the seacoast of the precinct aforesaid up into the land throughout from the sea, west and northwest, and also all the islands lying within one hundred miles along the coast of both seas of the precinct aforesaid, with all the soil, grounds, rights, privileges, and appurtenances to these territories belonging and in the letters patent particularly enumerated,”
and did grant to this corporation and their successors various powers of government in the letters patent particularly expressed.
2d. That the place called in these letters patent Cape or Point Comfort is the place now called and known by the name of Old Point Comfort, on the Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Roads, and that immediately after the granting of the letters patent, the corporation proceeded under and by virtue of them to take possession of parts of the territory which they describe and to form settlements, plant a colony, and exercise the powers of government therein, which colony was called and known by the name of the Colony of Virginia.
3d. That at the time of granting these letters patent and of the discovery of the continent of
North America by the Europeans, and during the whole intermediate time, the whole of the territory in the letters patent described, except a small district on James River, where a settlement of Europeans had previously been made, was held, occupied, and possessed in full sovereignty by various independent tribes or nations of Indians, who were the sovereigns of their respective portions of the territory and the absolute owners and proprietors of the soil and who neither acknowledged nor owed any allegiance or obedience to any European sovereign or state whatever, and that in making settlements within this territory and in all the other parts of North America where settlements were made under the authority of the English government or by its subjects, the right of soil was previously obtained by purchase or conquest from the particular Indian tribe or nation by which the soil was claimed and held, or the consent of such tribe or nation was secured.
4th. That in the year 1624, this corporation was dissolved by due course of law and all its powers, together with its rights of soil and jurisdiction under the letters patent in question were revested in the Crown of England, whereupon the colony became a royal government with the same territorial limits and extent which had been established by the letters patent, and so continued until it became a free and independent state, except so far as its limits and extent were altered and curtailed by the Treaty of February 10, 1763, between Great Britain and France and by the letters patent granted by the King of England
for establishing the Colonies of Carolina, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.
5th. That sometime previous to the year 1756, the French government, laying a claim to the country west of the Alleghany or Appalachian Mountains on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and their branches, took possession of certain parts of it with the consent of the several tribes or nations of Indians possessing and owning them, and with the like consent established several military posts and settlements therein, particularly at Kaskaskias, on the River Kaskaskias, and at Vincennes, on the River Wabash, within the limits of the Colony of Virginia, as described and established in and by the letters patent of May 23, 1609, and that the government of Great Britain, after complaining of these establishments as encroachments and remonstrating against them, at length, in the year 1756, took up arms to resist and repel them, which produced a war between those two nations wherein the Indian tribes inhabiting and holding the countries northwest of the Ohio and on the Mississippi above the mouth of the Ohio were the allies of France, and the Indians known by the name of the Six Nations or the Iroquois and their tributaries and allies were the allies of Great Britain, and that on 10 February, 1763, this war was terminated by a definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain and France and their allies by which it was stipulated and agreed that the River Mississippi, from its source to the Iberville, should forever after form the boundary between the dominions of
Great Britain and those of France in that part of North America and between their respective allies there.
6th. That the government of Virginia, at and before the commencement of this war and at all times after it became a royal government, claimed and exercised jurisdiction, with the knowledge and assent of the government of Great Britain, in and over the country northwest of the River Ohio and east of the Mississippi as being included within the bounds and limits described and established for that colony, by the letters patent of May 23, 1609, and that in the year 1749, a grant of six hundred thousand acres of land within the country northwest of the Ohio and as part of Virginia was made by the government of Great Britain to some of its subjects by the name and style of the Ohio Company.
7th. That at and before the commencement of the war in 1756 and during its whole continuance and at the time of the Treaty of February 10, 1763, the Indian tribes or nations inhabiting the country north and northwest of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi as far east as the river falling into the Ohio called the Great Miami were called and known by the name of the Western Confederacy of Indians, and were the allies of France in the war, but not her subjects, never having been in any manner conquered by her, and held the country in absolute sovereignty as independent nations, both as to the right of jurisdiction and sovereignty and the right of soil, except a few military posts and a small territory around each,
which they had ceded to France, and she held under them, and among which were the aforesaid posts of Kaskaskias and Vincennes, and that these Indians, after the treaty, became the allies of Great Britain, living under her protection as they had before lived under that of France, but were free and independent, owing no allegiance to any foreign power whatever and holding their lands in absolute property, the territories of the respective tribes being separated from each other and distinguished by certain natural marks and boundaries to the Indians well known, and each tribe claiming and exercising separate and absolute ownership in and over its own territory, both as to the right of sovereignty and jurisdiction and the right of soil.
8th. That among the tribes of Indians thus holding and inhabiting the territory north and northwest of the Ohio, east of the Mississippi, and west of the Great Miami, within the limits of Virginia, as described in the letters patent of May 23, 1609, were certain independent tribes or nations called the Illinois or Kaskaskias and the Piankeshaw or Wabash Indians, the first of which consisted of three several tribes united into one and called the Kaskasias, the Pewarias, and the Cahoquias; that the Illinois owned, held, and inhabited, as their absolute and separate property, a large tract of country within the last mentioned limits and situated on the Mississippi, Illinois, and Kaskaskias Rivers and on the Ohio below the mouth of the Wabash, and the Piankeshaws another large tract of country within the same
limits, and as their absolute and separate property, on the Wabash and Ohio Rivers, and that these Indians remained in the sole and absolute ownership and possession of the country in question until the sales made by them in the manner herein after set forth.
9th. That on the termination of the war between Great Britain and France, the Illinois Indians, by the name of the Kaskaskias tribes of Indians, as fully representing all the Illinois tribes then remaining, made a treaty of peace with Great Britain and a treaty of peace, limits, and amity, under her mediation, with the Six Nations, or Iroquois, and their allies, then known and distinguished by the name of the Northern Confederacy of Indians, the Illinois being a part of the confederacy then known and distinguished by the name of the Southern Confederacy, and sometimes by that of the Western Confederacy.
10th. That on 7 October, 1763, the King of Great Britain made and published a proclamation for the better regulation of the countries ceded to Great Britain by that treaty, which proclamation is referred to and made part of the case.
11th. That from time immemorial and always up to the present time, all the Indian tribes or nations of North America, and especially the Illinois and Piankeshaws and other tribes holding, possessing, and inhabiting the said countries north and northeast of the Ohio east of the Mississippi and west of the Great Miami held their respective lands and territories each in common, the individuals
of each tribe or nation holding the lands and territories of such tribe in common with each other, and there being among them no separate property in the soil, and that their sole method of selling, granting, and conveying their lands, whether to governments or individuals, always has been from time immemorial and now is for certain chiefs of the tribe selling to represent the whole tribe in every part of the transaction, to make the contract, and execute the deed, on behalf of the whole tribe, to receive for it the consideration, whether in money or commodities, or both, and finally to divide such consideration among the individuals of the tribe, and that the authority of the chiefs so acting for the whole tribe is attested by the presence and assent of the individuals composing the tribe, or some of them, and by the receipt by the individuals composing the tribe of their respective shares of the price, and in no other manner.
12th. That on 5 July, 1773, certain chiefs of the Illinois Indians, then jointly representing, acting for, and being duly authorized by that tribe in the manner explained above, did by their deed poll, duly executed and delivered and bearing date on that day, at the post of Kaskaskias, then being a British military post, and at a public council there held by them for and on behalf of the said Illinois nation of Indians with William Murray, of the Illinois country, merchant, acting for himself and for Moses Franks and Jacob Franks, of London, in Great Britain, David Franks, John Inglis, Bernard Gratz, Michael
Gratz, Alexander Ross, David Sproat, and James Milligan, all of Philadelphia, in the p\Province of Pennsylvania; Moses Franks, Andrew Hamilton, William Hamilton, and Edmund Milne of the same place; Joseph Simons otherwise called Joseph Simon and Levi Andrew Levi of the Town of Lancaster in Pennsylvania; Thomas Minshall of York County in the same province; Robert Callender and William Thompson, of Cumberland County in the same province; John Campbell of Pittsburgh in the same province; and George Castles and James Ramsay of the Illinois country, and for a good and valuable consideration in the said deed stated grant, bargain, sell, alien, lease, enfeoff, and confirm to the said William Murray, Moses Franks, Jacob Franks, David Franks, John Inglis, Bernard Gratz, Michael Gratz, Alexander Ross, David Sproat, James Milligan, Andrew Hamilton, William Hamilton, Edmund Milne Joseph Simons, otherwise called Joseph Simon Levi Andrew Levi, Thomas Minshall, Robert Callender, William Thompson, John Campbell, George Castles, and James Ramsay, their heirs and assigns forever, in severalty, or to George the Third, then King of Great Britain and Ireland, his heirs and successors, for the use, benefit, and behoof of the grantees, their heirs and assigns, in severalty, by whichever of those tenures they might most legally hold, all those two several tracts or parcels of land situated, lying, and being within the limits of Virginia on the east of the Mississippi, northwest of the Ohio, and west of the Great Miami, and thus butted
and bounded:
Beginning for one of the said tracts on the east side of the Mississippi at the mouth of the Heron Creek, called by the French the River of Mary, being about a league below the mouth of the Kaskaskias River, and running thence a northward of east course in a direct line back to the Hilly Plains, about eight leagues more or less; thence the same course in a direct line to the Crab Tree Plains, about seventeen leagues more or less; thence the same course in a direct line to a remarkable place known by the name of the Big Buffalo Hoofs, about seventeen leagues more or less; thence the same course, in a direct line to the Salt Lick Creek, about seven leagues more or less; then crossing the Salt Lick Creek, about one league below the ancient Shawanese town in an easterly or a little to the north of east course in a direct line to the River Ohio, about four leagues more or less; then down the Ohio by its several courses until it empties into the Mississippi, about thirty-five leagues more or less; and then up the Mississippi, by its several courses, to the place of beginning, about thirty-three leagues more or less; and beginning for the other tract on the Mississippi at a point directly opposite to the mouth of the Missouri and running up the Mississippi by its several courses to the mouth of the Illinois, about six leagues more or less; and thence up the Illinois, by its several courses, to Chicagou or Garlic Creek, about ninety leagues, more or less; thence nearly a northerly course, in a direct line, to a certain remarkable place, being the ground on which a
battle was fought about forty or fifty years before that time between the Pewaria and Renard Indians, about fifty leagues more or less; thence by the same course in a direct line to two remarkable hills close together in the middle of a large prairie or plain, about fourteen leagues more or less; thence a north of east course, in a direct line, to a remarkable spring known by the Indians by the name of “Foggy Spring,” about fourteen leagues more or less; thence the same course in a direct line to a great mountain, to the northwest of the White Buffalo Plain, about fifteen leagues more or less; and thence nearly a southwest course to the place of beginning, about forty leagues more or less:
To have and to hold the said two tracts of land, with all and singular their appurtenances, to the grantees, their heirs and assigns, forever in severalty or to the King, his heirs and successors, to and for the use, benefit, or behoof of the grantees, their heirs and assigns, forever in severalty, as will more fully appear by the said deed poll, duly executed under the hands and seals of the grantors and duly recorded at Kaskaskias on 2 September, 1773, in the office of Vicerault Lemerance, a notary public, duly appointed and authorized. This deed, with the several certificates annexed to or endorsed on it, was set out at length in the case.
13th. That the consideration in this deed expressed, was of the value of $24,000 current money of the United States and upwards, and was paid and delivered, at the time of the execution of the deed, by William Murray, one
of the grantees, in behalf of himself and the other grantees, to the Illinois Indians, who freely accepted it and divided it among themselves; that the conferences in which the sale of these lands was agreed on and made and in which it was agreed that the deed should be executed were publicly held for the space of a month at the post of Kaskaskias, and were attended by many individuals of all the tribes of Illinois Indians, besides the chiefs, named as grantors in the deed; that the whole transaction was open, public, and fair, and the deed fully explained to the grantors and other Indians by the sworn interpreters of the government and fully understood by the grantors and other Indians before it was executed; that the several witnesses to the deed and the grantees named in it were such persons and of such quality and stations, respectively, as they are described to be in the deed, the attestation, and the other endorsements on it; that the grantees did duly authorize William Murray to act for and represent them in the purchase of the lands and the acceptance of the deed, and that the two tracts or parcels of land which it describes and purports to grant were then part of the lands held, possessed, and inhabited by the Illinois Indians from time immemorial in the manner already stated.
14th. That all the persons named as grantees in this deed were, at the time of its execution and long before, subjects of the Crown of Great Britain and residents of the several places named in the deed as their places of residence, and that
they entered into the land under and by virtue of the deed and became seized as the law requires.
15th. That on 18 October, 1775, Tabac and certain other Indians, all being chiefs of the Piankeshaws and jointly representing, acting for, and duly authorized by that nation in the manner stated above, did, by their deed poll, duly executed and bearing date on the day last mentioned at the post of Vincennes, otherwise called post St. Vincent, then being a British military post, and at a public council there held by them for and on behalf of the Piankeshaw Indians, with Louis Viviat, of the Illinois country, acting for himself and for the Right Honorable John, Earl of Dunmore, then Governor of Virginia, the Honorable John Murray, son of the said Earl, Moses Franks and Jacob Franks, of London, in Great Britain, Thomas Johnson, Jr., and John Davidson, both of Annapolis, in Maryland, William Russel, Matthew Ridley, Robert Christie, Sr., and Robert Christie, Jr., of Baltimore Town, in the same province, Peter Compbell, of Piscataway in the same province, William Geddes, of Newtown Chester in the same province, collector of his Majesty’s customs, David Franks and Moses Franks, both of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, William Murray and Daniel Murray, of the Illinois country, Nicholas St. Martin and Joseph Page, of the same place, Francis Perthuis, late of Quebec, in Canada, but then of post St. Vincent, and for good and valuable consideration, in the deed poll mentioned and enumerated, grant, bargain, sell, alien, enfeoff, release, ratify, and
confirm to the said Louis Viviat and the other persons last mentioned, their heirs and assigns, equally to be divided, or to George III, then King of Great Britain and Ireland, his heirs and successors, for the use, benefit, and behoof of all the above mentioned grantees, their heirs and assigns, in severalty, by whichever of those tenures they might most legally hold, all those two several tracts of land in the deed particularly described situate, lying,
brk:
and being northwest of the Ohio, east of the Mississippi, and west of the Great Miami, within the limits of Virginia and on both sides of the Ouabache, otherwise called the Wabash, which two tracts of land are contained respectively within the following metes and bounds, courses and distances, that is to say, beginning for one of the said tracts at the mouth of a rivulet called Riviere du Chat, or Cat River, where it empties itself into the Ouabache or Wabash, by its several courses, to a place called Point Coupee, about twelve leagues above post St. Vincent, being forty leagues, or thereabouts, in length, on the said river Ouabache, from the place of beginning, with forty leagues in width or breadth on the east side, and thirty leagues in breadth or width on the west side of that river, to be continued along from the place of beginning to Point Coupee. And beginning for the other tract at the mouth of White River where it empties into the Ouabache, about twelve leagues below post St. Vincent, and running thence down the Ouabache by its several courses until it empties into the Ohio, being from White River to the Ohio, about fifty-three leagues in length, more or less, with forty
leagues in width or breadth on the east side and thirty in width or breadth on the west side of the Ouabache, to be continued along from the White River to the Ohio, with all the rights, liberties, privileges, hereditaments, and appurtenances to the said tract belonging, to have and to hold to the grantees, their heirs and assigns, forever in severalty or to the King, his heirs and successors, for the use, benefit, and behoof of the grantees, their heirs and assigns, as will more fully appear by the deed itself, duly executed under the hands and seals of the grantors, and duly recorded at Kaskaskias, on 5 December, 1775, in the office of Louis Bomer, a notary public, duly appointed and authorized. This deed, with the several certificates annexed to or endorsed on it, was set out at length.
16th. That the consideration in this deed expressed was of the value of $31,000 current money of the United States and upwards, and was paid and delivered at the time of the execution of the deed by the grantee, Lewis Viviat, in behalf of himself and the other grantees, to the Piankeshaw Indians, who freely accepted it and divided it among themselves; that the conferences in which the sale of these two tracts of land was agreed on and made, and in which it was agreed that the deed should be executed were publicly held for the space of a month at the post of Vincennes or post St. Vincent, and were attended by many individuals of the Piankeshaw nation of Indians besides the chiefs named as grantors in the deed; that the whole
transaction was open, public, and fair, and the deed fully explained to the grantors and other Indians by skillful interpreters, and fully understood by them before it was executed; that it was executed in the presence of the several witnesses by whom it purports to have been attested, and was attested by them; that the grantees were all subjects of the Crown of Great Britain, and were of such quality, station, and residence, respectively, as they are described in the deed to be; that the grantees did duly authorize Lewis Viviat to act for and represent them in the purchase of these two tracts of land and in the acceptance of the deed; that these tracts of land were then part of the lands held, possessed, and inhabited by the Piankeshaw Indians from time immemorial, as is stated above; and that the several grantees under this deed entered into the land which it purports to grant and became seized as the law requires.
17th. That on 6 May, 1776, the Colony of Virginia threw off its dependence on the Crown and government of Great Britain and declared itself an independent state and government with the limits prescribed and established by the letters patent of May 23, 1609, as curtailed and restricted by the letters patent establishing the Colonies of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Carolina and by the Treaty of February 10, 1763, between Great Britain and France, which limits, so curtailed and restricted, the State of Virginia, by its Constitution and form of government, declared should be and remain the limits of the state and should bound its western and northwestern extent.
18th. That on 5 October, 1778, the General Assembly of Virginia, having taken by arms the posts of Kaskaskias and Vincennes, or St. Vincent, from the British forces, by whom they were then held, and driven those forces from the country northwest of the Ohio, east of the Mississippi, and west of the Great Miami, did, by an act of assembly of that date, entitled “An act for establishing the County of Illinois and for the more effectual protection and defense thereof,” erect that country, with certain other portions of territory within the limits of the state and northwest of the Ohio into a county, by the name of the County of Illinois.
19th. That on 29 December, 1783, the State of Virginia, by an act of assembly of that date, authorized their delegates in the Congress of the United States, or such of them, to the number of three at least, as should be assembled in Congress on behalf of the state and by proper deeds or instruments in writing under their hands and seals, to convey, transfer, assign, and make over to the United States, in Congress assembled, for the benefit of the said states, all right, title, and claim, as well of soil as jurisdiction, which Virginia had to the territory or tract of country within her limits, as defined and prescribed by the letters patent of May 23, 1609, and lying to the northwest of the Ohio; subject to certain limitations and conditions in the act prescribed and specified, and that on 1 March, 1784, Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Hardy, Arthur Lee, and James Monroe, then being four of the delegates
of Virginia to the Congress of the United States, did, by their deed poll, under their hands and seals, in pursuance and execution of the authority to them given by this act of assembly, convey, transfer, assign, and make over to the United States, in Congress assembled, for the benefit of the said states, all right, title, and claim, as well of soil as jurisdiction which that state had to the territory northwest of the Ohio, with the reservations, limitations, and conditions in the act of assembly prescribed, which cession the United States accepted.
20th. That on 20 July, 1818, the United States, by their officers duly authorized for that purpose did sell, grant, and convey to the defendant in this action, William McIntosh, all those several tracts or parcels of land, containing 11,560 acres, and butted, bounded, and described, as will fully appear in and by the patent for the said lands, duly executed, which was set out at length.
21st. That the lands described and granted in and by this patent are situated within the State of Illinois and are contained within the lines of the last or second of the two tracts described and purporting to be granted and conveyed to Louis Viviat and others by the deed of October 18, 1775, and that William McIntosh, the defendant, entered upon these lands under and by virtue of his patent and became possessed thereof before the institution of this suit.
22d. That Thomas Johnson, one of the grantees
in and under the deed of October 18, 1775, departed this life on or about 1 October, 1819, seized of all his undivided part or share of and in the two several tracts of land described and purporting to be granted and conveyed to him and others by that deed, having first duly made and published his last will and testament in writing, attested by three credible witnesses, which he left in full force and by which he devised all his undivided share and part of those two tracts of land to his son, Joshua Johnson and his heirs, and his grandson, Thomas J. Graham, and his heirs, the lessors of the plaintiff in this action, as tenants in common.
23d. That Joshua Johnson and Thomas J. Graham, the devisees, entered into the two tracts of land last above mentioned under and by virtue of the will, and became thereof seized as the law requires. That Thomas Johnson, the grantee and devisor, during his whole life and at the time of his death, was an inhabitant and citizen of the State of Maryland; that Joshua Johnson and Thomas J. Graham, the lessors of the plaintiff, now are and always have been citizens of the same state; that the defendant, William McIntosh, now is and at and before the time of bringing this action was a citizen of the State of Illinois, and that the matter in dispute in this action is of the value of $2,000 current money of the United States and upwards.
24th. And that neither William Murray nor any other of the grantees under the deed of July 5, 1773, nor Louis Viviat nor any other of the
grantees under the deed of October 8, 1775, nor any person for them or any of them ever obtained or had the actual possession under and by virtue of those deeds or either of them of any part of the lands in them or either of them described and purporting to be granted, but were prevented by the war of the American Revolution, which soon after commenced, and by the disputes and troubles which preceded it, from obtaining such possession, and that since the termination of the war and before it, they have repeatedly and at various times from the year 1781 till the year 1816 petitioned the Congress of the United States to acknowledge and confirm their title to those lands under the purchases and deeds in question, but without success.
Judgment being given for the defendant on the case stated, the plaintiffs brought this writ of error.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHALL delivered the opinion of the Court.
The plaintiffs in this cause claim the land in their declaration mentioned under two grants purporting to be made, the first in 1773 and the last in 1775, by the chiefs of certain
Indian tribes constituting the Illinois and the Piankeshaw nations, and the question is whether this title can be recognized in the courts of the United States?
The facts, as stated in the case agreed, show the authority of the chiefs who executed this conveyance so far as it could be given by their own people, and likewise show that the particular tribes for whom these chiefs acted were in rightful possession of the land they sold. The inquiry, therefore, is in a great measure confined to the power of Indians to give, and of private individuals to receive, a title which can be sustained in the courts of this country.
As the right of society to prescribe those rules by which property may be acquired and preserved is not and cannot be drawn into question, as the title to lands especially is and must be admitted to depend entirely on the law of the nation in which they lie, it will be necessary in pursuing this inquiry to examine not singly those principles of abstract justice which the Creator of all things has impressed on the mind of his creature man and which are admitted to regulate in a great degree the rights of civilized nations, whose perfect independence is acknowledged, but those principles also which our own government has adopted in the particular case and given us as the rule for our decision.
On the discovery of this immense continent, the great nations of Europe were eager to appropriate to themselves so much of it as they could respectively acquire. Its vast extent offered an
ample field to the ambition and enterprise of all, and the character and religion of its inhabitants afforded an apology for considering them as a people over whom the superior genius of Europe might claim an ascendency. The potentates of the old world found no difficulty in convincing themselves that they made ample compensation to the inhabitants of the new by bestowing on them civilization and Christianity in exchange for unlimited independence. But as they were all in pursuit of nearly the same object, it was necessary, in order to avoid conflicting settlements and consequent war with each other, to establish a principle which all should acknowledge as the law by which the right of acquisition, which they all asserted should be regulated as between themselves. This principle was that discovery gave title to the government by whose subjects or by whose authority it was made against all other European governments, which title might be consummated by possession.
The exclusion of all other Europeans necessarily gave to the nation making the discovery the sole right of acquiring the soil from the natives and establishing settlements upon it. It was a right with which no Europeans could interfere. It was a right which all asserted for themselves, and to the assertion of which by others all assented.
Those relations which were to exist between the discoverer and the natives were to be regulated by themselves. The rights thus acquired being exclusive, no other power could interpose between them.
In the establishment of these relations, the rights of the original inhabitants were in no instance entirely disregarded, but were necessarily to a considerable extent impaired. They were admitted to be the rightful occupants of the soil, with a legal as well as just claim to retain possession of it, and to use it according to their own discretion; but their rights to complete sovereignty as independent nations were necessarily diminished, and their power to dispose of the soil at their own will to whomsoever they pleased was denied by the original fundamental principle that discovery gave exclusive title to those who made it.
While the different nations of Europe respected the right of the natives as occupants, they asserted the ultimate dominion to be in themselves, and claimed and exercised, as a consequence of this ultimate dominion, a power to grant the soil while yet in possession of the natives. These grants have been understood by all to convey a title to the grantees, subject only to the Indian right of occupancy.
The history of America from its discovery to the present day proves, we think, the universal recognition of these principles.
Spain did not rest her title solely on the grant of the Pope. Her discussions respecting boundary, with France, with Great Britain, and with the United States all show that she placed in on the rights given by discovery. Portugal sustained her claim to the Brazils by the same title.
France also founded her title to the vast territories she claimed in America on discovery. However
conciliatory her conduct to the natives may have been, she still asserted her right of dominion over a great extent of country not actually settled by Frenchmen and her exclusive right to acquire and dispose of the soil which remained in the occupation of Indians. Her monarch claimed all Canada and Acadie as colonies of France at a time when the French population was very inconsiderable and the Indians occupied almost the whole country. He also claimed Louisiana, comprehending the immense territories watered by the Mississippi and the rivers which empty into it, by the title of discovery. The letters patent granted to the Sieur Demonts in 1603, constitute him Lieutenant General, and the representative of the King in Acadie, which is described as stretching from the 40th to the 46th degree of north latitude, with authority to extend the power of the French over that country and its inhabitants, to give laws to the people, to treat with the natives and enforce the observance of treaties, and to parcel out and give title to lands according to his own judgment.
The states of Holland also made acquisitions in America and sustained their right on the common principle adopted by all Europe. They allege, as we are told by Smith in his History of New York, that Henry Hudson, who sailed, as they say, under the orders of their East India Company, discovered the country from the Delaware to the Hudson, up which he sailed to the 43d degree of north latitude, and this country they claimed under the title acquired by this voyage.
Their first object was commercial, as appears by a grant made to a company of merchants in 1614, but in 1621 the States General made, as we are told by Mr. Smith, a grant of the country to the West India Company by the name of New Netherlands.
The claim of the Dutch was always contested by the English — not because they questioned the title given by discovery, but because they insisted on being themselves the rightful claimants under that title. Their pretensions were finally decided by the sword.
No one of the powers of Europe gave its full assent to this principle more unequivocally than England. The documents upon this subject are ample and complete. So early as the year 1496, her monarch granted a commission to the Cabots to discover countries then unknown to Christian people and to take possession of them in the name of the King of England. Two years afterwards, Cabot proceeded on this voyage and discovered the continent of North America, along which he sailed as far south as Virginia. To this discovery the English trace their title.
In this first effort made by the English government to acquire territory on this continent we perceive a complete recognition of the principle which has been mentioned. The right of discovery given by this commission is confined to countries “then unknown to all Christian people,” and of these countries Cabot was empowered to take possession in the name of the King of England. Thus asserting a right to take possession
notwithstanding the occupancy of the natives, who were heathens, and at the same time admitting the prior title of any Christian people who may have made a previous discovery.
The same principle continued to be recognized. The charter granted to Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1578 authorizes him to discover and take possession of such remote, heathen, and barbarous lands as were not actually possessed by any Christian prince or people. This charter was afterwards renewed to Sir Walter Raleigh in nearly the same terms.
By the charter of 1606, under which the first permanent English settlement on this continent was made, James I granted to Sir Thomas Gates and others those territories in America lying on the seacoast between the 34th and 45th degrees of north latitude and which either belonged to that monarch or were not then possessed by any other Christian prince or people. The grantees were divided into two companies at their own request. The first or southern colony was directed to settle between the 34th and 41st degrees of north latitude, and the second or northern colony between the 38th and 45th degrees.
In 1609, after some expensive and not very successful attempts at settlement had been made, a new and more enlarged charter was given by the Crown to the first colony, in which the King granted to the “Treasurer and Company of Adventurers of the City of London for the first colony in Virginia,” in absolute property, the lands extending along the seacoast four hundred miles, and
into the land throughout from sea to sea. This charter, which is a part of the special verdict in this cause, was annulled, so far as respected the rights of the company, by the judgment of the Court of King’s Bench on a writ of quo warranto, but the whole effect allowed to this judgment was to revest in the Crown the powers of government and the title to the lands within its limits.
At the solicitation of those who held under the grant to the second or northern colony, a new and more enlarged charter was granted to the Duke of Lenox and others in 1620, who were denominated the Plymouth Company, conveying to them in absolute property all the lands between the 40th and 48th degrees of north latitude.
Under this patent New England has been in a great measure settled. The company conveyed to Henry Rosewell and others, in 1627, that territory which is now Massachusetts, and in 1628 a charter of incorporation comprehending the powers of government was granted to the purchasers.
Great part of New England was granted by this company, which at length divided their remaining lands among themselves, and in 1635 surrendered their charter to the Crown. A patent was granted to Gorges for Maine, which was allotted to him in the division of property.
All the grants made by the Plymouth Company, so far as we can learn, have been respected. In pursuance of the same principle, the King, in 1664, granted to the Duke of York the country of New England as far south as the Delaware
Bay. His Royal Highness transferred New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret.
In 1663, the Crown granted to Lord Clarendon and others the country lying between the 36th degree of north latitude and the River St. Mathes, and in 1666 the proprietors obtained from the Crown a new charter granting to them that province in the King’s dominions in North America which lies from 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude to the 29th degree, and from the Atlantic ocean to the South sea.
Thus has our whole country been granted by the Crown while in the occupation of the Indians. These grants purport to convey the soil as well as the right of dominion to the grantees. In those governments which were denominated royal, where the right to the soil was not vested in individuals, but remained in the Crown or was vested in the colonial government, the King claimed and exercised the right of granting lands and of dismembering the government at his will. The grants made out of the two original colonies, after the resumption of their charters by the Crown, are examples of this. The governments of New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and a part of Carolina were thus created. In all of them, the soil, at the time the grants were made, was occupied by the Indians. Yet almost every title within those governments is dependent on these grants. In some instances, the soil was conveyed by the Crown unaccompanied by the powers of government, as in the case of the northern neck of Virginia. It has never
been objected to this or to any other similar grant that the title as well as possession was in the Indians when it was made and that it passed nothing on that account.
These various patents cannot be considered as nullities, nor can they be limited to a mere grant of the powers of government. A charter intended to convey political power only would never contain words expressly granting the land, the soil, and the waters. Some of them purport to convey the soil alone, and in those cases in which the powers of government as well as the soil are conveyed to individuals, the Crown has always acknowledged itself to be bound by the grant. Though the power to dismember regal governments was asserted and exercised, the power to dismember proprietary governments was not claimed, and in some instances, even after the powers of government were revested in the Crown, the title of the proprietors to the soil was respected.
Charles II was extremely anxious to acquire the property of Maine, but the grantees sold it to Massachusetts, and he did not venture to contest the right of that colony to the soil. The Carolinas were originally proprietary governments. In 1721, a revolution was effected by the people, who shook off their obedience to the proprietors and declared their dependence immediately on the Crown. The King, however, purchased the title of those who were disposed to sell. One of them, Lord Carteret, surrendered his interest in the government but retained his title to the soil. That
title was respected till the revolution, when it was forfeited by the laws of war.
Further proofs of the extent to which this principle has been recognized will be found in the history of the wars, negotiations, and treaties which the different nations claiming territory in America have carried on and held with each other.
The contests between the cabinets of Versailles and Madrid respecting the territory on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico were fierce and bloody, and continued until the establishment of a Bourbon on the throne of Spain produced such amicable dispositions in the two Crowns as to suspend or terminate them.
Between France and Great Britain, whose discoveries as well as settlements were nearly contemporaneous, contests for the country actually covered by the Indians began as soon as their settlements approached each other, and were continued until finally settled in the year 1763 by the Treaty of Paris.
Each nation had granted and partially settled the country, denominated by the French Acadie, and by the English Nova Scotia. By the 12th article of the Treaty of Utrecht, made in 1703, his most Christian Majesty ceded to the Queen of Great Britain “all Nova Scotia or Acadie, with its ancient boundaries.” A great part of the ceded territory was in the possession of the Indians, and the extent of the cession could not be adjusted by the commissioners to whom it was to be referred.
The Treaty of Aix la Chapelle, which was made
on the principle of the status ante bellum, did not remove this subject of controversy. Commissioners for its adjustment were appointed whose very able and elaborate, though unsuccessful, arguments in favor of the title of their respective sovereigns show how entirely each relied on the title given by discovery to lands remaining in the possession of Indians.
After the termination of this fruitless discussion, the subject was transferred to Europe and taken up by the cabinets of Versailles and London. This controversy embraced not only the boundaries of New England, Nova Scotia, and that part of Canada which adjoined those colonies, but embraced our whole western country also. France contended not only that the St. Lawrence was to be considered as the center of Canada, but that the Ohio was within that colony. She founded this claim on discovery and on having used that river for the transportation of troops in a war with some southern Indians.
This river was comprehended in the chartered limits of Virginia, but though the right of England to a reasonable extent of country in virtue of her discovery of the seacoast and of the settlements she made on it, was not to be questioned, her claim of all the lands to the Pacific Ocean because she had discovered the country washed by the Atlantic, might, without derogating from the principle recognized by all, be deemed extravagant. It interfered, too, with the claims of France founded on the same principle. She therefore sought to strengthen her original title to
the lands in controversy by insisting that it had been acknowledged by France in the 15th article of the Treaty of Utrecht. The dispute respecting the construction of that article has no tendency to impair the principle, that discovery gave a title to lands still remaining in the possession of the Indians. Whichever title prevailed, it was still a title to lands occupied by the Indians, whose right of occupancy neither controverted and neither had then extinguished.
These conflicting claims produced a long and bloody war which was terminated by the conquest of the whole country east of the Mississippi. In the treaty of 1763, France ceded and guaranteed to Great Britain all Nova Scotia, or Acadie, and Canada, with their dependencies, and it was agreed that the boundaries between the territories of the two nations in America should be irrevocably fixed by a line drawn from the source of the Mississippi, through the middle of that river and the lakes Maurepas and Ponchartrain, to the sea. This treaty expressly cedes, and has always been understood to cede, the whole country on the English side of the dividing line between the two nations, although a great and valuable part of it was occupied by the Indians. Great Britain, on her part, surrendered to France all her pretensions to the country west of the Mississippi. It has never been supposed that she surrendered nothing, although she was not in actual possession of a foot of land. She surrendered all right to acquired the country, and any after attempt to purchase it from the Indians would have been considered
and treated as an invasion of the territories of France.
By the 20th article of the same treaty, Spain ceded Florida, with its dependencies and all the country she claimed east or southeast of the Mississippi, to Great Britain. Great part of this territory also was in possession of the Indians.
By a secret treaty which was executed about the same time, France ceded Louisiana to Spain, and Spain has since retroceded the same country to France. At the time both of its cession and retrocession, it was occupied chiefly by the Indians.
Thus all the nations of Europe who have acquired territory on this continent have asserted in themselves and have recognized in others the exclusive right of the discoverer to appropriate the lands occupied by the Indians. Have the American states rejected or adopted this principle?
By the treaty which concluded the war of our revolution, Great Britain relinquished all claim not only to the government, but to the “propriety and territorial rights of the United States” whose boundaries were fixed in the second article. By this treaty the powers of government and the right to soil which had previously been in Great Britain passed definitively to these states. We had before taken possession of them by declaring independence, but neither the declaration of independence nor the treaty confirming it could give us more than that which we before possessed or to which Great Britain was before entitled. It
has never been doubted that either the United States or the several states had a clear title to all the lands within the boundary lines described in the treaty, subject only to the Indian right of occupancy, and that the exclusive power to extinguish that right was vested in that government which might constitutionally exercise it.
Virginia, particularly, within whose chartered limits the land in controversy lay, passed an act in the year 1779 declaring her
“exclusive right of preemption from the Indians of all the lands within the limits of her own chartered territory, and that no person or persons whatsoever have or ever had a right to purchase any lands within the same from any Indian nation except only persons duly authorized to make such purchase, formerly for the use and benefit of the colony and lately for the Commonwealth.”
The act then proceeds to annul all deeds made by Indians to individuals for the private use of the purchasers.
Without ascribing to this act the power of annulling vested rights or admitting it to countervail the testimony furnished by the marginal note opposite to the title of the law forbidding purchases from the Indians in the revisals of the Virginia statutes stating that law to be repealed, it may safely be considered as an unequivocal affirmance on the part of Virginia of the broad principle which had always been maintained that the exclusive right to purchase from the Indians resided in the government.
In pursuance of the same idea, Virginia proceeded at the same session to open her
land office for the sale of that country which now constitutes Kentucky, a country every acre of which was then claimed and possessed by Indians, who maintained their title with as much persevering courage as was ever manifested by any people.
The states, having within their chartered limits different portions of territory covered by Indians, ceded that territory generally to the United States on conditions expressed in their deeds of cession, which demonstrate the opinion that they ceded the soil as well as jurisdiction, and that in doing so they granted a productive fund to the government of the Union. The lands in controversy lay within the chartered limits of Virginia, and were ceded with the whole country northwest of the River Ohio. This grant contained reservations and stipulations which could only be made by the owners of the soil, and concluded with a stipulation that
“all the lands in the ceded territory not reserved should be considered as a common fund for the use and benefit of such of the United States as have become or shall become members of the confederation, . . . according to their usual respective proportions in the general charge and expenditure, and shall be faithfully and bona fide disposed of for that purpose, and for no other use or purpose whatsoever.”
The ceded territory was occupied by numerous and warlike tribes of Indians, but the exclusive right of the United States to extinguish their title and to grant the soil has never, we believe, been doubted.
After these states became independent, a controversy subsisted between them and Spain respecting boundary. By the treaty of 1795, this controversy was adjusted and Spain ceded to the United States the territory in question. This territory, though claimed by both nations, was chiefly in the actual occupation of Indians.
The magnificent purchase of Louisiana was the purchase from France of a country almost entirely occupied by numerous tribes of Indians who are in fact independent. Yet any attempt of others to intrude into that country would be considered as an aggression which would justify war.
Our late acquisitions from Spain are of the same character, and the negotiations which preceded those acquisitions recognize and elucidate the principle which has been received as the foundation of all European title in America.
The United States, then, has unequivocally acceded to that great and broad rule by which its civilized inhabitants now hold this country. They hold and assert in themselves the title by which it was acquired. They maintain, as all others have maintained, that discovery gave an exclusive right to extinguish the Indian title of occupancy either by purchase or by conquest, and gave also a right to such a degree of sovereignty as the circumstances of the people would allow them to exercise.
The power now possessed by the government of the United States to grant lands, resided, while we were colonies, in the Crown, or its grantees. The validity of the titles given by either has never
been questioned in our courts. It has been exercised uniformly over territory in possession of the Indians. The existence of this power must negative the existence of any right which may conflict with and control it. An absolute title to lands cannot exist at the same time in different persons or in different governments. An absolute must be an exclusive title, or at least a title which excludes all others not compatible with it. All our institutions recognize the absolute title of the Crown, subject only to the Indian right of occupancy, and recognize the absolute title of the Crown to extinguish that right. This is incompatible with an absolute and complete title in the Indians.
We will not enter into the controversy whether agriculturists, merchants, and manufacturers have a right on abstract principles to expel hunters from the territory they possess or to contract their limits. Conquest gives a title which the courts of the conqueror cannot deny, whatever the private and speculative opinions of individuals may be, respecting the original justice of the claim which has been successfully asserted. The British government, which was then our government and whose rights have passed to the United States, asserted title to all the lands occupied by Indians within the chartered limits of the British colonies. It asserted also a limited sovereignty over them and the exclusive right of extinguishing the title which occupancy gave to them. These claims have been maintained and established as far west as the River Mississippi by the sword. The title
to a vast portion of the lands we now hold originates in them. It is not for the courts of this country to question the validity of this title or to sustain one which is incompatible with it.
Although we do not mean to engage in the defense of those principles which Europeans have applied to Indian title, they may, we think, find some excuse, if not justification, in the character and habits of the people whose rights have been wrested from them.
The title by conquest is acquired and maintained by force. The conqueror prescribes its limits. Humanity, however, acting on public opinion, has established, as a general rule, that the conquered shall not be wantonly oppressed, and that their condition shall remain as eligible as is compatible with the objects of the conquest. Most usually, they are incorporated with the victorious nation, and become subjects or citizens of the government with which they are connected. The new and old members of the society mingle with each other; the distinction between them is gradually lost, and they make one people. Where this incorporation is practicable, humanity demands and a wise policy requires that the rights of the conquered to property should remain unimpaired; that the new subjects should be governed as equitably as the old, and that confidence in their security should gradually banish the painful sense of being separated from their ancient connections, and united by force to strangers.
When the conquest is complete and the conquered inhabitants can be blended with the conquerors
or safely governed as a distinct people, public opinion, which not even the conqueror can disregard, imposes these restraints upon him, and he cannot neglect them without injury to his fame and hazard to his power.
But the tribes of Indians inhabiting this country were fierce savages whose occupation was war and whose subsistence was drawn chiefly from the forest. To leave them in possession of their country was to leave the country a wilderness; to govern them as a distinct people was impossible because they were as brave and as high spirited as they were fierce, and were ready to repel by arms every attempt on their independence.
What was the inevitable consequence of this state of things? The Europeans were under the necessity either of abandoning the country and relinquishing their pompous claims to it or of enforcing those claims by the sword, and by the adoption of principles adapted to the condition of a people with whom it was impossible to mix and who could not be governed as a distinct society, or of remaining in their neighborhood, and exposing themselves and their families to the perpetual hazard of being massacred.
Frequent and bloody wars, in which the whites were not always the aggressors, unavoidably ensued. European policy, numbers, and skill prevailed. As the white population advanced, that of the Indians necessarily receded. The country in the immediate neighborhood of agriculturists became unfit for them. The game fled
into thicker and more unbroken forests, and the Indians followed. The soil to which the Crown originally claimed title, being no longer occupied by its ancient inhabitants, was parceled out according to the will of the sovereign power and taken possession of by persons who claimed immediately from the Crown or mediately through its grantees or deputies.
That law which regulates and ought to regulate in general the relations between the conqueror and conquered was incapable of application to a people under such circumstances. The resort to some new and different rule better adapted to the actual state of things was unavoidable. Every rule which can be suggested will be found to be attended with great difficulty.
However extravagant the pretension of converting the discovery of an inhabited country into conquest may appear; if the principle has been asserted in the first instance, and afterwards sustained; if a country has been acquired and held under it; if the property of the great mass of the community originates in it, it becomes the law of the land and cannot be questioned. So, too, with respect to the concomitant principle that the Indian inhabitants are to be considered merely as occupants, to be protected, indeed, while in peace, in the possession of their lands, but to be deemed incapable of transferring the absolute title to others. However this restriction may be opposed to natural right, and to the usages of civilized nations, yet if it be indispensable to that system under which the country has been settled, and be
adapted to the actual condition of the two people, it may perhaps be supported by reason, and certainly cannot be rejected by courts of justice.
This question is not entirely new in this Court. The case of Fletcher v. Peck grew out of a sale made by the State of Georgia of a large tract of country within the limits of that state, the grant of which was afterwards resumed. The action was brought by a subpurchaser on the contract of sale, and one of the covenants in the deed was that the State of Georgia was, at the time of sale, seized in fee of the premises. The real question presented by the issue was whether the seizin in fee was in the State of Georgia or in the United States. After stating that this controversy between the several states and the United States had been compromised, the court thought in necessary to notice the Indian title, which, although entitled to the respect of all courts until it should be legitimately extinguished, was declared not to be such as to be absolutely repugnant to a seizin in fee on the part of the state.
This opinion conforms precisely to the principle which has been supposed to be recognized by all European governments from the first settlement of America. The absolute ultimate title has been considered as acquired by discovery, subject only to the Indian title of occupancy, which title the discoverers possessed the exclusive right of acquiring. Such a right is no more incompatible with a seizin in fee than a lease for years, and might as effectually bar an ejectment.
Another view has been taken of this question
which deserves to be considered. The title of the Crown, whatever it might be, could be acquired only by a conveyance from the Crown. If an individual might extinguish the Indian title for his own benefit, or in other words might purchase it, still he could acquire only that title. Admitting their power to change their laws or usages so far as to allow an individual to separate a portion of their lands from the common stock and hold it in severalty, still it is a part of their territory and is held under them by a title dependent on their laws. The grant derives its efficacy from their will, and if they choose to resume it and make a different disposition of the land, the courts of the United States cannot interpose for the protection of the title. The person who purchases lands from the Indians within their territory incorporates himself with them so far as respects the property purchased; holds their title under their protection and subject to their laws. If they annul the grant, we know of no tribunal which can revise and set aside the proceeding. We know of no principle which can distinguish this case from a grant made to a native Indian, authorizing him to hold a particular tract of land in severalty.
As such a grant could not separate the Indian from his nation, nor give a title which our courts could distinguish from the title of his tribe, as it might still be conquered from, or ceded by his tribe, we can perceive no legal principle which will authorize a court to say that different consequences are attached to this purchase because it was made by a stranger. By the treaties concluded
between the United States and the Indian nations whose title the plaintiffs claim, the country comprehending the lands in controversy has been ceded to the United States without any reservation of their title. These nations had been at war with the United States, and had an unquestionable right to annul any grant they had made to American citizens. Their cession of the country without a reservation of this land affords a fair presumption that they considered it as of no validity. They ceded to the United States this very property, after having used it in common with other lands as their own, from the date of their deeds to the time of cession, and the attempt now made, is to set up their title against that of the United States.
The proclamation issued by the King of Great Britain in 1763 has been considered, and we think with reason, as constituting an additional objection to the title of the plaintiffs.
By that proclamation, the Crown reserved under its own dominion and protection, for the use of the Indians, “all the land and territories lying to the westward of the sources of the rivers which fall into the sea from the west and northwest,” and strictly forbade all British subjects from making any purchases or settlements whatever or taking possession of the reserved lands.
It has been contended that in this proclamation, the King transcended his constitutional powers, and the case of Campbell v. Hall, reported by Cowper, is relied on to support this position.
It is supposed to be a principle of universal law that if an uninhabited country be discovered by a number of individuals who acknowledge no connection with and owe no allegiance to any government whatever, the country becomes the property of the discoverers, so far at least as they can use it. They acquire a title in common. The title of the whole land is in the whole society. It is to be divided and parceled out according to the will of the society, expressed by the whole body or by that organ which is authorized by the whole to express it.
If the discovery be made and possession of the country be taken under the authority of an existing government, which is acknowledged by the emigrants, it is supposed to be equally well settled, that the discovery is made for the whole nation, that the country becomes a part of the nation, and that the vacant soil is to be disposed of by that organ of the government which has the constitutional power to dispose of the national domains, by that organ in which all vacant territory is vested by law.
According to the theory of the British Constitution, all vacant lands are vested in the Crown, as representing the nation, and the exclusive power to grant them is admitted to reside in the Crown as a branch of the royal prerogative. It has been already shown that this principle was as fully recognized in America as in the Island of Great Britain. All the lands we hold were originally granted by the Crown, and the establishment of a regal government has never been considered as
impairing its right to grant lands within the chartered limits of such colony. In addition to the proof of this principle, furnished by the immense grants already mentioned of lands lying within the chartered limits of Virginia, the continuing right of the Crown to grant lands lying within that colony was always admitted. A title might be obtained either by making an entry with the surveyor of a county in pursuance of law or by an order of the governor in council, who was the deputy of the King, or by an immediate grant from the Crown. In Virginia, therefore, as well as elsewhere in the British dominions, the complete title of the Crown to vacant lands was acknowledged.
So far as respected the authority of the Crown, no distinction was taken between vacant lands and lands occupied by the Indians. The title, subject only to the right of occupancy by the Indians, was admitted to be in the King, as was his right to grant that title. The lands, then, to which this proclamation referred were lands which the King had a right to grant, or to reserve for the Indians.
According to the theory of the British Constitution, the royal prerogative is very extensive so far as respects the political relations between Great Britain and foreign nations. The peculiar situation of the Indians, necessarily considered in some respects as a dependent and in some respects as a distinct people occupying a country claimed by Great Britain, and yet too powerful and brave not to be dreaded as formidable enemies, required that means should be adopted for
the preservation of peace, and that their friendship should be secured by quieting their alarms for their property. This was to be effected by restraining the encroachments of the whites, and the power to do this was never, we believe, denied by the colonies to the Crown.
In the case of Campbell v. Hall, that part of the proclamation was determined to be illegal, which imposed a tax on a conquered province, after a government had been bestowed upon it. The correctness of this decision cannot be questioned, but its application to the case at bar cannot be admitted. Since the expulsion of the Stuart family, the power of imposing taxes by proclamation has never been claimed as a branch of regal prerogative, but the powers of granting, or refusing to grant, vacant lands, and of restraining encroachments on the Indians have always been asserted and admitted.
The authority of this proclamation, so far as it respected this continent, has never been denied, and the titles it gave to lands have always been sustained in our courts.
In the argument of this cause, the counsel for the plaintiffs have relied very much on the opinions expressed by men holding offices of trust, and on various proceedings in America to sustain titles to land derived from the Indians.
The collection of claims to lands lying in the western country made in the 1st volume of the Laws of the United States has been referred to, but we find nothing in that collection to support the argument. Most of the titles were derived
from persons professing to act under the authority of the government existing at the time, and the two grants under which the plaintiffs claim are supposed by the person under whose inspection the collection was made to be void, because forbidden by the royal proclamation of 1763. It is not unworthy of remark that the usual mode adopted by the Indians for granting lands to individuals has been to reserve them in a treaty or to grant them under the sanction of the commissioners with whom the treaty was negotiated. The practice in such case to grant to the Crown for the use of the individual is some evidence of a general understanding that the validity even of such a grant depended on its receiving the royal sanction.
The controversy between the Colony of Connecticut and the Mohegan Indians depended on the nature and extent of a grant made by those Indians to the colony; on the nature and extent of the reservations made by the Indians, in their several deeds and treaties, which were alleged to be recognized by the legitimate authority; and on the violation by the colony of rights thus reserved and secured. We do not perceive in that case any assertion of the principle that individuals might obtain a complete and valid title from the Indians.
It has been stated that in the memorial transmitted from the Cabinet of London to that of Versailles, during the controversy between the two nations respecting boundary which took place in 1755, the Indian right to the soil is recognized.
But this recognition was made with reference to their character as Indians and for the purpose of showing that they were fixed to a particular territory. It was made for the purpose of sustaining the claim of His Britannic Majesty to dominion over them.
The opinion of the Attorney and Solicitor General, Pratt and Yorke, have been adduced to prove that in the opinion of those great law officers, the Indian grant could convey a title to the soil without a patent emanating from the Crown. The opinion of those persons would certainly be of great authority on such a question, and we were not a little surprised when it was read, at the doctrine it seemed to advance. An opinion so contrary to the whole practice of the Crown and to the uniform opinions given on all other occasions by its great law officers ought to be very explicit and accompanied by the circumstances under which it was given, and to which it was applied before we can be assured that it is properly understood. In a pamphlet written for the purpose of asserting the Indian title, styled “Plain Facts,” the same opinion is quoted, and is said to relate to purchases made in the East Indies. It is, of course, entirely inapplicable to purchases made in America. Chalmers, in whose collection this opinion is found, does not say to whom it applies, but there is reason to believe that the author of Plain Facts is, in this respect, correct. The opinion commences thus:
“In respect to such places as have been or shall be acquired by treaty or grant from any of the Indian princes or governments,
your Majesty’s letters patent are not necessary.”
The words “princes or governments” are usually applied to the East Indians, but not to those of North America. We speak of their sachems, their warriors, their chiefmen, their nations or tribes, not of their “princes or governments.” The question on which the opinion was given, too, and to which it relates, was whether the King’s subjects carry with them the common law wherever they may form settlements. The opinion is given with a view to this point, and its object must be kept in mind while construing its expressions.
Much reliance is also placed on the fact, that many tracts are now held in the United States under the Indian title, the validity of which is not questioned.
Before the importance attached to this fact is conceded, the circumstances under which such grants were obtained, and such titles are supported, ought to be considered. These lands lie chiefly in the eastern states. It is known that the Plymouth Company made many extensive grants which, from their ignorance of the country, interfered with each other. It is also known that Mason to whom New Hampshire, and Gorges, to whom Maine was granted, found great difficulty in managing such unwieldy property. The country was settled by emigrants, some from Europe, but chiefly from Massachusetts, who took possession of lands they found unoccupied, and secured themselves in that possession by the best means in their power. The disturbances in
England, and the civil war and revolution which followed those disturbances, prevented any interference on the part of the mother country, and the proprietors were unable to maintain their title. In the meantime, Massachusetts claimed the country and governed it. As her claim was adversary to that of the proprietors, she encouraged the settlement of persons made under her authority, and encouraged likewise their securing themselves in possession, by purchasing the acquiescence and forbearance of the Indians. After the restoration of Charles II, Gorges and Mason, when they attempted to establish their title, found themselves opposed by men who held under Massachusetts and under the Indians. The title of the proprietors was resisted, and though in some cases compromises were made and in some, the opinion of a court was given ultimately in their favor, the juries found uniformly against them. They became wearied with the struggle, and sold their property. The titles held under the Indians were sanctioned by length of possession, but there is no case, so far as we are informed, of a judicial decision in their favor.
Much reliance has also been placed on a recital contained in the charter of Rhode Island, and on a letter addressed to the governors of the neighboring colonies, by the King’s command, in which some expressions are inserted, indicating the royal approbation of titles acquired from the Indians.
The charter to Rhode Island recites
“That the said John Clark and others had transplanted
themselves into the midst of the Indian nations, and were seized and possessed, by purchase and consent of the said natives, to their full content, of such lands,”
&c. And the letter recites, that
“Thomas Chifflinch and others, having, in the right of Major Asperton, a just propriety in the Narraghanset Country, in New England, by grants from the native princes of that country, and being desirous to improve it into an English colony, . . . are yet daily disturbed.”
The impression this language might make, if viewed apart from the circumstances under which it was employed, will be effaced, when considered in connection with those circumstances.
In the year 1635, the Plymouth Company surrendered their charter to the Crown. About the same time, the religious dissentions of Massachusetts expelled from that colony several societies of individuals, one of which settled in Rhode Island, on lands purchased from the Indians. They were not within the chartered limits of Massachusetts, and the English government was too much occupied at home to bestow its attention on this subject. There existed no authority to arrest their settlement of the country. If they obtained the Indian title, there were none to assert the title of the Crown. Under these circumstances, the settlement became considerable. Individuals acquired separate property in lands which they cultivated and improved; a government was established among themselves, and no power existed in America which could rightfully interfere with it.
On the restoration of Charles II, this small society
hastened to acknowledge his authority, and to solicit his confirmation of their title to the soil, and to jurisdiction over the country. Their solicitations were successful, and a charter was granted to them, containing the recital which has been mentioned.
It is obvious that this transaction can amount to no acknowledgment that the Indian grant could convey a title paramount to that of the Crown, or could in itself constitute a complete title. On the contrary, the charter of the Crown was considered as indispensable to its completion.
It has never been contended that the Indian title amounted to nothing. Their right of possession has never been questioned. The claim of government extends to the complete ultimate title, charged with this right of possession and to the exclusive power of acquiring that right. The object of the Crown was to settle the seacoast of America, and when a portion of it was settled, without violating the rights of others, by persons professing their loyalty, and soliciting the royal sanction of an act, the consequences of which were ascertained to be beneficial, it would have been as unwise as ungracious to expel them from their habitations, because they had obtained the Indian title otherwise than through the agency of government. The very grant of a charter is an assertion of the title of the Crown, and its words convey the same idea. The country granted is said to be “our island called Rhode Island,” and the charter contains an actual grant of the soil as well as of the powers of government.
The letter was written a few months before the charter was issued, apparently at the request of the agents of the intended colony, for the sole purpose of preventing the trespasses of neighbors, who were disposed to claim some authority over them. The King, being willing himself to ratify and confirm their title was, of course, inclined to quiet them in their possession.
This charter and this letter certainly sanction a previous unauthorized purchase from Indians under the circumstances attending that particular purchase, but are far from supporting the general proposition, that a title acquired from the Indians would be valid against a title acquired from the Crown, or without the confirmation of the Crown.
The acts of the several colonial assemblies prohibiting purchases from the Indians have also been relied on as proving that, independent of such prohibitions, Indian deeds would be valid. But we think this fact, at most, equivocal. While the existence of such purchases would justify their prohibition, even by colonies which considered Indian deeds as previously invalid, the fact that such acts have been generally passed, is strong evidence of the general opinion, that such purchases are opposed by the soundest principles of wisdom and national policy.
After bestowing on this subject a degree of attention which was more required by the magnitude of the interest in litigation, and the able and elaborate arguments of the bar, than by its intrinsic difficulty, the court is decidedly of opinion, that the plaintiffs do not exhibit a title which can
be sustained in the courts of the United States, and that there is no error in the judgment which was rendered against them in the District Court of Illinois.
Judgment affirmed with costs.
MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN ? Trump’s NONSENSE EXPOSED
América, no invoco tu nombre en vano
[America, I don’t call your name without hope]
Pablo Neruda, Canto General
| AMERICA, we learn as schoolchildren, was named in honor of Amerigo Vespucci, for his discovery of the mainland of the New World. We tend not to question this lesson about the naming of America. By the time we are adults it lingers vaguely in most of us, along with images of wave-tossed caravels and forests peopled with naked cannibals. Not surprisingly, the notion that America was named for Vespucci has long been universally accepted, so much so that a lineal descendant, America Vespucci, came to New Orleans in 1839 and asked for a land grant “in recognition of her name and parentage.” Since the late 19th century, however, conflicting ideas about the truth of the derivation have been set forth with profound cultural and political implications. To question the origin of America’s name is to question the nature of not only our history lessons but our very identity as Americans.
Traditional history lessons about the discovery of America also raise questions about the meaning of discovery itself. It is now universally recognized that neither Vespucci nor Columbus “discovered” America. They were of course preceded by the pre-historic Asian forebears of Native Americans, who migrated across some ice-bridge in the Bering Straits or over the stepping stones of the Aleutian Islands. A black African discovery of America, it has been argued, took place around 3,000 years ago, and influenced the development of Mayan, Aztec, and Inca civilizations. The records of Scandinavian expeditions to America are found in sagas — their historic cores encrusted with additions made by every storyteller who had ever repeated them. The Icelandic Saga of Eric the Red, the settler of Greenland, which tells how Eric’s son Leif came to Vinland, was first written down in the second half of the 13th century, 250 years after Leif found a western land full of “wheatfields and vines”; from this history emerged a fanciful theory in 1930 that the origin of “America” is Scandinavian: Amt meaning “district” plus Eric, to form Amteric, or the Land of (Leif) Eric. Other Norsemen went out to the land Leif had discovered; in fact, contemporary advocates of the Norse connection claim that from around the beginning of the 11th century, North Atlantic sailors called this place Ommerike (oh-MEH-ric-eh), an Old Norse word meaning “farthest outland.” (This theory is currently being promoted by white supremacists of the so-called Christian Party, who are intent on preserving the nation’s Nordic character, and who argue that the Norse Ommerike derives from the Gothic Amalric, which, according to them, means “Kingdom of Heaven.”) But most non-Scandinavians were ignorant of these sailors’ bold exploits until the 17th century, and what they actually found was not seriously discussed by European geographers until the 18th century. Further, other discoveries of America have been credited to the Irish who had sailed to a land they called Iargalon, the land beyond the sunset, and to the Phoenicians who purportedly came here before the Norse. The 1497 voyage by John Cabot to the Labrador coast of Newfoundland constitutes yet another discovery of the American mainland, which led to an early 20th-century account of the naming of America, recently revived, that claims the New World was named after an Englishman (Welshman, actually) called Richard Amerike.
And yet, despite the issue of who discovered America, we are still confronted with the awesome fact that it was the voyages of Columbus, and not earlier ones, that changed the course of world history. Indeed, as Tzvetan Todorov, author of The Conquest of America (1984; tr. Richard Howard), has argued, “The conquest of America … heralds and establishes our present identity; even if every date that permits us to separate any two periods is arbitrary, none is more suitable, in order to mark the beginning of the modern era, than the year 1492, the year Columbus crosses the Atlantic Ocean.” Columbus clearly made a monumental discovery in showing Europe how to sail across the Atlantic; Vespucci’s great contribution was to tell Europe that the land Columbus had found was not Asia but a New World (and that a western route to Asia involved yet another ocean beyond it). The naming of America, then, becomes essential to a full understanding of our history and cultural values — ourselves — especially when considered in terms of the range of theories about the origin of the name. The Maya Connection The most explosive, haunting, almost credible etymology — the so-called Amerrique theory which was first advanced in 1875 — reappeared in the late 1970s in an essay by Guyanan novelist Jan Carew, titled “The Caribbean Writer and Exile.” Here Carew focuses on the identity struggle of Caribbeans who are “subject to successive waves of cultural alienation from birth — a process that has its origins embedded in a mosaic of cultural fragments — Amerindian, African, European, Asian.” He adds that “the European fragment is brought into sharper focus than the others, but it remains a fragment.” It is in his discussion of this European fragment that he turns to the early historical accounts written by “European colonizers, about their apocalyptic intrusion into the Amerindian domains” — histories which, he argues, are largely fictions “characterized, with few exceptions, by romantic evasions of truth and voluminous omissions.” Carew moves from the “fictions” of Columbus to those of Vespucci with these striking words: “Alberigo Vespucci, and I deliberately use his authentic Christian name, a Florentine dilettante and rascal, corrected Columbus’s error [thinking he had found the Orient] … Vespucci, having sailed to the American mainland declared that what Columbus had indeed stumbled on was a New World.” Carew then alludes to Vespucci’s famous letters about his voyages (more later about these controversial letters), which caused a great stir throughout Europe when they were published in the early 1500s. In them Vespucci “invented a colonizer’s America, and the reality that is ours never recovered from this literary assault and the distortions he inflicted upon it” because “the fiction of a ‘virgin land’ inhabited by savages, at once a racist one and a contradiction, remains with us to this day.” But Carew, in developing his own fiction which derives largely from a fanciful 19th-century treatise, goes on to say: “Amerigo [sic] was undoubtedly a Florentine dilettante … [and] an extraordinarily clever one. Why would he otherwise have changed his Christian name after his voyages to the Americas?”
And what of this elemental meaning? To define it Carew echoes Marcou, who quotes from his correspondence with Augustus Le Plongeon. An imaginative anthropologist studying the Mayan culture in Yucatan, Le Plongeon had written to the French scholar: “The name AMERICA or AMERRIQUE in the Mayan language means, a country of perpetually strong wind, or the Land of the Wind, and sometimes the suffix ‘-ique’ and ‘-ika’ can mean not only wind or air but also a spirit that breathes, life itself.” All this leads Carew to conclude that “we must, therefore, reclaim the name of our America and give it once again its primordial meaning, land of the wind, the fountainhead of life and movement.” His assertions concerning the name and its origin demand closer scrutiny, for in his passion to dispel myths he has created new ones. Vespucci’s Good Name First of all, Vespucci’s name must be cleared. He has been wrongfully portrayed as a crafty opportunist ever since the mid-16th century when Bartholomew de Las Casas accused him of being a liar and a thief who stole the glory that belonged to Columbus. “The new continent,” insisted Las Casas, “should have been called Columba and not as it is unjustly called, America.” In his epoch-making History of the Indies, Las Casas demeans Vespucci and his achievement, slandering his name by describing what he (a friend of Columbus and his family) considered “the long premeditated plan of Vespucci to have the world acknowledge him as the discoverer of the largest part of the Indies.” Vespucci’s unfounded bad reputation persisted here throughout the 19th century. One of the climaxes of vilification was attained by Emerson, who comments in English Traits (1856): “Strange … that broad America must wear the name of a thief. Amerigo Vespucci, the pickledealer at Seville, who went out, in 1499, a subaltern with Hojeda, and whose highest naval rank was boat-swain’s mate in an expedition that never sailed, managed in this lying world to supplant Columbus and baptize half the earth with his own dishonest name.” Vespucci was not the man described by Las Casas and Emerson, nor was he simply “an unimportant Florentine merchant,” as he is described in the 1992 edition of Compton’s Encyclopedia “published [by a Division of Encyclopedia Britannica] with the editorial advice of the faculties of the University of Chicago.”
Vespucci was born in 1454 in Florence, where he was baptized, according to the official record, “Amerigho” — not, as Carew asserts, Alberigo. The use of the form Amerigho for Amerigo is an instance of the orthographic anarchy that existed in the spelling of proper names. The name Amerigo derives from an old Gothic name, Amalrich. In all its forms found in Europe (Greek “Aimulos,” Latin “Aemelius”) the underlying meaning was that of work. Amalrich, which literally meant work ruler, or designator of tasks, might be freely translated as master workman. Old German forms of the name were Amalrich, Almerich, Emmerich; the Spanish form was Almerigo; in England it was Almerick, or Merica in old families in Yorkshire. It appeared in feminine forms in Amelia and Emily; its masculine forms were Amery, Emeric, and Emery. But as Charlotte Mary Yonge wrote in her History of Christian Names (1884), it was “the Italian form, Amerigo, which was destined to the most noted use … which should hold fast that most fortuitous title, whence thousands of miles, and millions of men, bear the appellation of the forgotten forefather of a tribe of the Goths — Amalrich, the work ruler; a curiously appropriate title for the new world of labor and of progress.” As was the custom of the Florentine nobility, Vespucci received an education that featured special instruction in the sciences connected with navigation — natural philosophy, astronomy, and cosmography — in which he excelled. Around 1490 he was sent to Spain by his employers, the famous Italian family of Medici, to join their business in fitting out ships. Vespucci was probably in Seville in 1492 when Columbus was preparing for his first historic voyage, as well as in 1493 when Columbus returned. Soon after, Vespucci was involved in fitting out the fleet for Columbus’s second voyage. The two men eventually became friends; Columbus later wrote that he trusted Vespucci and held him in high esteem. The period during which Vespucci made his own voyages falls between 1497(?) and 1504(?). At the beginning of 1505 he was summoned to the court of Spain for a private consultation, and, as a man of experience, was engaged to work for the famous Casa de Contratacion de las Indias (Commercial House for the West Indies), which had been founded two years before in Seville. In 1508 the house appointed him piloto mayor (pilot major, or chief navigator), a post of great responsibility, which included the examination of the pilots’ and ships’ masters’ licenses for voyages. He also had to prepare the official map of newly discovered lands and of the routes to them (for the royal survey), interpreting and coordinating all data that the captains were obliged to furnish. Vespucci, who obtained Spanish citizenship, held this position until his death in Seville in 1512. In the face of the spurious charges that he was an ignorant usurper of the merits of others, the fact that Spain entrusted him, a foreigner, with the office of pilot major certainly bolsters his defense. During the first half of the 20th century, scholars discovered further evidence that clears away the cloud of misunderstanding and ignorance by which Vespucci has long been obscured. Frederick J. Pohl’s biography, Amerigo Vespucci, Pilot Major (1966), and Germán Arciniegas’s Amerigo and the New World (1955; tr. Harriet de Onís) are among the best efforts that dispel the shadows to which he was relegated by those who maligned his fame. Nonetheless, both biographers disagree about the authenticity of his two published letters, key documents in a dramatic controversy: Arciniegas accepts them as genuine, whereas Pohl rejects them as forgeries. Their arguments both muster convincing evidence, suggesting an irreconcilable debate. But the question concerning the authenticity of these historic letters remains fundamental to the evaluation of Vespucci’s achievement. Two series of documents on his voyages are extant. The first or traditional series consists of the widely published letters, dated 1504, purportedly written by him. Addressed to his patron, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’ Medici, who had sent Vespucci to Spain to do business for him there, the Mundus Novus (New World) — the title alone revolutionizing the European conception of the cosmos — was translated from the Italian into Latin, and originally printed in Vienna; the other letter, addressed to the gonfaloniere (chief magistrate) of Florence, Piero Soderini, was a more elaborate work. The second series consists of three private letters addressed to the Medici. In the first series of documents, four voyages by Vespucci are described; in the second, only two. Until the 1930s the documents of the first series were considered from the point of view of the order of the four voyages. According to the conflicting theory to which Pohl and other modern scholars subscribe, these documents should be regarded as the result of skillful, unauthorized manipulations by entrepreneurs, and the sole authentic papers would be the private letters, so that the verified voyages would be reduced to two. Most important, if the first series of documents are indeed forgeries, the “first” of the four voyages (dated 1497) never took place, and thus Vespucci could not be given priority of one year over Columbus on reaching the American mainland, nor could he be considered the first to explore the coastline of Central America, Mexico, and the southeastern coast of the United States.
Under Portuguese auspices he completed a second expedition, which set sail from Lisbon on May 31, 1501. After a halt at the Cape Verde Islands, the expedition traveled southwestward, reached the coast of Brazil, and certainly sailed as far south as the Río de la Plata, which Vespucci was the first European to discover. In all likelihood the ships took a quick run still farther south, along the coast of Patagonia to the Golfo de San Juli n or beyond. His ships returned by an unknown route, anchoring at Lisbon on July 12, 1502. This voyage is of fundamental importance in the history of geography in that Vespucci himself became convinced that the lands he had explored were not part of Asia but a New World. Unlike Columbus, who, to his death, clung to the idea that he had found the shores of Asia, Vespucci defined what had indeed been found — and for this he has been rightfully honored. Naming the New World Vespucci not only explored unknown regions but also invented a system of computing exact longitude and arrived at a figure computing the earth’s equational circumference only fifty miles short of the correct measurement. It was, however, not his many solid accomplishments but an apparent error made by a group of scholars living in St. Dié, near Strasbourg, France, in the mountains of Lorraine, then part of Germany, that led America to be named (ostensibly) after him; and this is largely why his reputation has suffered. His published letters had fallen into the hands of these German scholars, among whom was the young cartographer Martin Waldseemüller. Inspired to publish a new geography that would embrace the New World, the group collectively authored a revision of Ptolemy, which included a Latin translation of Vespucci’s purported letter to Soderini, as well as a new map of the world drawn by Waldseemüller. In their resulting Cosmographiae Introductio, printed on April 25, 1507, appear these famous words (as translated from the original Latin; see below) written most likely by one of the two poet-scholars involved in the project: “But now these parts [Europe, Asia and Africa, the three continents of the Ptolemaic geography] have been extensively explored and a fourth part has been discovered by Americus Vespuccius [a Latin form of Vespucci’s name], as will be seen in the appendix: I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part after Americus, who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence, [and so to name it] Amerige, that is, the Land of Americus, or America: since both Europa and Asia got their names from women” (see John W. Hessler’s quincentennial edition of the Cosmographiae Introductio).
The baptismal passage in the Cosmographiae Introductio has commonly been read as argument, in which the author said that he was naming the newly discovered continent in honor of Vespucci and saw no reason for objections. But, as etymologist Joy Rea has suggested, it could also be read as explanation, in which he indicates that he has heard the New World was called America, and the only explanation lay in Vespucci’s name. In ignoring the possible intention of these words as explanation, most scholars have ignored the simple fact that place names usually originate informally in the spoken word and first circulate that way, not in the printed word. Moreover, to read the passage in the Cosmographiae Introductio as explanation lends credence to the theory, argued by Carew, Marcou, and others, that the early European explorers called the new continent Amerrique or, perhaps, another name with a similar pronunciation. Even though the Latinization of Americus fits a pattern, why did the cosmographers not employ Albericus (hence the assumption that “Alberigo” was Vespucci’s authentic Christian name), the Latinization that had already been used for Amerigo’s name as the author of the Mundus Novus? Their substitution of Americus for the well-known Latinization Albericus might mean that they wanted a Latinization that would fit and explain the name America which they had already heard applied to the New World. Why did they ignore the common law in the naming of new lands: the use of the last names of explorers and the first names of royalty? Their ignoring it, Rea claims, further supports the idea that they were trying to force an explanation and that the only one they could think of was a Latinization of Vespucci’s first name. Another Amerindian Root
The coast at the foot of the Amerrique Mountains that faces the Caribbean Sea is called the Mosquito Coast, named for the Mosquito Indians, who live there still. The Mosquitos are Caribs. It is almost certain that Columbus first heard the name of the mountains pronounced by a Carib. Amerrique, therefore, must derive from a Carib word, possibly one of the Carib culture words — not a word in the Mayan language, which was not spoken in Nicaragua, though it almost resembles in sound the Quiche Mayan iq’ amaq’el meaning perpetual wind. Further dispelling the idea of a Maya connection to America, Robert M. Laughlin, curator of Mesoamerican Ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution, and an eminent anthropologist with expertise in Mayan culture, points out that “r” is rarely in the alphabets of Mayan languages. The Caribs, traveling far from their Carib or Cariay coast, could see the Amerriques in the distance, and these mountains for them could have signified the mainland. The Indians in the Caribbean did have a word for the mainland, given in the Lexicografía Antillana (Antillean Dictionary, 1931) as babeque and defined as the name that Columbus understood the Indians to say when they were pointing to a land beyond Haiti and Cuba. Las Casas believed for a while that this must be Jamaica, but later decided it was the name for the mainland. Other historians have considered it the name the Caribs used for the mainland. Babeque, different as it sounds from Amerrique, could possibly be a variant of Amerrique. Very different spellings for the same Carib word reflect variants that sound little like each other; thus, the variants of the name Carib are Canibe, Galibi, Caniba, Canibal and Caliban. The English Connection
On his return to England the flamboyant Cabot, who dressed in silk, was celebrated as “the Great Admiral.” He had a reputation for his extravagance. He purportedly gave one of the islands he explored to a friend, another to his barber, and also promised some Italian friars that they could be bishops. Hudd reasons that if Cabot were so free with his gifts to his poorer friends, it is easy to understand his wish to show gratitude to the King’s official, and that he may well have done so by conferring his name on “the new Isle” which, it was thought, lay off the coast of China — Cabot never realized that he had found a continent. To back his claim that the name America was known in Bristol in the years just before 1500, and well before Waldseemüller’s map, Hudd presents the often quoted words of a lost manuscript, one of the “Calendars” in which local events were recorded: “This year [1497], on St. John the Baptist’s day [June 24th], the land of America was found by the merchants of Bristowe, in a ship of Bristowe called the ‘Mathew,’ the which said ship departed from the port Bristowe the 2nd of May and came home again the 6th August following.” If Hudd’s suggestion is correct, the original manuscript documents the fact that the newly discovered land was already called America in Bristol before that name became known in Europe. “Amerika,” Hudd says, “seems much more like the name of the Bristol Customs official, than that of the Italian [Amerigo] … and having been invented in Bristol, by Cabot, and having been the only name for ‘the new island’ for more than ten years after its discovery, the resemblance of the name to that of Vespucci struck [the authors of the Cosmosgraphiae Introductio] … (to whom the English ‘Richard Ameryk’ was quite unknown), and thus through an error of his editor[s], to Vespucci was transferred the honour that the discoverer of North America, John Cabot, had intended to confer on the Bristolian ‘Ameryk.'” Hudd fears that his main evidence, the original manuscript of Bristol’s calendar, was lost in a fire and acknowledges that this important piece of the puzzle is missing. However, even if the name America were known in Bristol in 1497, Hudd has taken a majestic leap to suggest Ameryk’s name as its origin. No proof exists to substantiate his claim that Cabot actually honored the Welshman by naming America after him. But if the name were indeed known in Bristol then, how was that possible? More recently, two Englishman have championed the Amerike theory. Peter MacDonald, author of Cabot & the Naming of America: A Revelation (1997), asserts that Cabot named his discovery after Amerike because “[Richard] Amerike sought reward for his patronage by asking that any new-found lands should be named after him.” MacDonald doesn’t stop there. He also maintains that “since the flag of the United States of America is based on the design of Amerike’s coat of arms, it is more than probable that its origins lie with Amerike and not with George Washington, whose family also bore arms of the Stars and Stripes” (see BBC British History). Like MacDonald’s book, Rodney Broome’s Terra Incognita: The True Story of How America Got Its Name (2001) is a good read, but ultimately lacks the hard evidence to support the author’s claim. He presents a compelling inference at best. A longtime U.S. resident, Broome is originally from Bristol. He summarizes his argument this way in the Bristol Times: “Bristol merchants bought salt cod in Iceland until the King of Denmark stopped the trade in 1475. In 1479, four Bristol merchants received a royal charter to find another source of fish and trade. Not until 1960 did someone find bills of trading records indicating that Richard Amerike was involved in this business. Records show that in 1481, Amerike shipped a load of salt (for salting fish) to these men in Newfoundland and I believe the Bristol sailors named the area after the Bristol merchant they worked for.” ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The current (fifth) edition of Webster’s New World College Dictionary admits the mystery that surrounds the origin of the name America, saying it derives from “Americus Vespucius … but from uncertain or unknown; perhaps Spanish Amerrique, name of a mountain range in Nicaragua, used by early explorers for the newly discovered lands from uncertain or unknown; perhaps Amerindian.” No definitive conclusions can be reached. Too many claims are, for lack of hard evidence, based on speculation. Theories about the true origin of the name are ultimately historical fictions, whose authors are inclined to impose their own political, cultural, or national agendas on the name and its origin. Yet behind these fictions lie compelling views of the New World. Taken together, they form a multicultural vision of its distinctive character. To hear Americus in the name; to hear the Amerrique Mountains and their perpetual wind; to hear the African in the Mayan iq’ amaq’el; to hear the Scandinavian Ommerike, as well as Amteric, and the Algonquin Em-erika; to hear Saint Emeric of Hungary; to hear Amalrich, the Gothic lord of the work ethic; to hear Armorica, the ancient Gaulish name meaning place by the sea; and to hear the English official, Amerike — to hear such echoes in the name of our hemisphere is to hear ourselves.
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The new geography included in its appendix Waldseemüller’s large, stunning map of the world, on which the New World is boldly labeled AMERICA — in the middle of present-day Brazil. This map is the first known map, printed or manuscript, to use the name America, and also the first to depict clearly a separate western hemisphere, with the Pacific as a separate ocean. The entire New World portion of the map roughly represents South America, and when later mapmakers added North America, they retained the original name; in 1538, the great geographer Gerard Mercator gave the name America to all of the Western Hemisphere on his Mapamundi. Waldseemüller’s 1507 map, lost to scholars until 1901 when it was found in a German castle, is now reckoned to be the first to show the name, and the earliest record of its use. Moreover, the discoverer of the map went so far as to dub it the “Baptismal Certificate of the New World.” Historians today agree that Vespucci, who was completely unaware of the project in Lorraine, had nothing to do with the so-called baptism. He clearly never tried to have the New World named after him or to belittle his friend Columbus. Nonetheless, the name America spread throughout Europe and quickly established itself through sheer force of usage.
FIRST a little History of the PRE-New NEDERLAND / NEW FRANCE and NEW ENGLAND Euro Trash that Invaded Turtle Island
The Fraud of ‘English’ History | A detailed examination of the dishonest historical claims of the establishment.
The Fraud of ‘English’ History
The Fraud of ‘English’ History
In the daytime prisons of the public fooling system, where children are indoctrinated with the establishment’s versions of ‘English’ history’, it is commonly accepted without diligent investigation that England was populated by barbarous pagan savages, prior to its conquest by Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Norman invaders.
Indeed, it is often claimed by teachers of history that there are almost no records of the people of these lands before the time of the so-called “Kings of England”, which purportedly began in the 8th century according to historians of the “English” establishment, who also claim that the first chronicle of the history of these islands was commissioned around the year 890, upon the order of King Alfred the Great, the supposed English law-maker.
Nothing could be further from the truth, as the following sources amply demonstrate.
Etymology of “English”
English (n.1)
“people of England; the speech of England,” Old English Englisc (contrasted to Denisc, Frencisce, etc.), from Engle (plural) “the Angles,” the name of one of the Germanic groups that overran the island 5c., supposedly so-called because Angul, the land they inhabited on the Jutland coast, was shaped like a fish hook (see angle (n.)).
The term was used from earliest times without distinction for all the Germanic invaders — Angles, Saxon, Jutes (Bede’s gens Anglorum) — and applied to their group of related languages by Alfred the Great. After 1066, of the population of England (as distinguished from Normans and French), a distinction which lasted only about a generation.
Source: http://www.etymonline.com
Etymology of “Albion”
Albion
ancient name of England, Old English, from Latin, sometimes said to be from the non-Indo-European base alb “mountain,“ which also is suggested as the source of Latin Alpes “Alps,” Albania, and Alba, an Irish name for “Scotland.” But more likely from Latin albus “white” (see alb), which would be an apt description of the chalk cliffs of the island’s southern coast.
Source: http://www.etymonline.com
Etymology of “Britain”
Britain (n.)
c.1300, Breteyne, from Old French Bretaigne, from Latin Britannia, earlier Brittania, from Brittani “the Britons” (see Briton). The Old English place-name Brytenlond meant “Wales.” If there was a Celtic name for the island, it has not been recorded.
Source: http://www.etymonline.com
Alleged Kings of England 757 – 1087
757-796 Offa House of Mercia
802-839 Egbert House of Wessex
839-856 Aethelwulf House of Wessex
856-860 Aethelbald House of Wessex
860-866 Aethelbert House of Wessex
866-871 Aethelred I House of Wessex
871-899 Alfred the Great House of Wessex
899-925 Edward the Elder House of Wessex
925-940 Athelstan House of Wessex
940-946 Edmund House of Wessex
946-955 Edred House of Wessex
955-959 Edwy House of Wessex
959-975 Edgar House of Wessex
975-978 Edward the Martyr House of Wessex
978-1016 Ethelred the Unready House of Wessex
1016 Edmund lronside House of Wessex
1016-1035 Cnut (Canute) House of Denmark
1035-1040 Harold I Harefoot House of Denmark
1040-1042 Harthacanut House of Denmark
1042-1066 Edward the Confessor House of Wessex
1066 Harold II House of Wessex
1066-1087 William I House of Norman
Source: http://www.britroyals.com
Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, Venerable Bede 672/673 – 735
“BRITAIN, an island in the ocean, formerly called Albion, is situated between the north and west, facing, though at a considerable distance, the coasts of Germany, France,and Spain, which form the greatest part of Europe… This island at present, following the number of the books in which the Divine law was written, contains five nations, the English, Britons, Scots, Picts, and Latins, each in its own peculiar dialect cultivating the sublime study of Divine truth. The Latin tongue is, by the study of the Scriptures, become common to all the rest. At first this island had no other inhabitants but the Britons, from whom it derived its name, and who, coming over into Britain, as is reported, from Armorica, possessed themselves of the southern parts thereof.”
Source: http://self-realisation.com/ourstory/bedes-ecclesiatical-history-of-the-english-nation/
Historia Brittonum by Nennius c.830, Translated by J. A. Giles
“The island of Britain derives its name from Brutus, a Roman consul… Its inhabitants consist of four different people; the Scots, the Picts, the Saxons and the ancient Britons… It is fertilized by several rivers, which traverse it in all directions, to the east and west, to the south and north; but there are two pre-eminently distinguished among the rest, the Thames and the Severn, which formerly, like the two arms of Britain, bore the ships employed in the conveyance of riches acquired by commerce. The Britons were once very populous, and exercised extensive dominion from sea to sea.”
Source: http://self-realisation.com/ourstory/nennius-historia-brittonum/
The Irish version of Historia Britonum
“I have taken pains to write certain fragments, and I am Nenamnis a disciple of Eludach, because the folly and ignorance of the nation of Britannia have given to oblivion the history and origin of its first people, so that they are not commemorated in writings nor in books. But I have brought together the histories that I found in the Annals of the Romans, out of the chronicles of the learned saints, viz.: Isidore, and Jerome, and Eusebius, in the Annals of the Saxons and Gaels, and what I discovered from the tradition of our own old men…Numerous are its caers or cities besides these; innumerable its raths or forts and its fortified castles. Four races inhabit the island of Britain, viz.: the Gaels, the Cruithnachs Picts, the Britons, and the Saxons… The Britons at first filled the whole island with their children, from the sea of Icht to the sea of Orck, both with glory and excellency.”
Source: http://self-realisation.com/ourstory/the-irish-version-of-the-historia-britonum-of-nennius/
Brut Tysillo – “Ystorya Brenhined y Brytanyeit”
“Bryttaen, the best of the islands, which used to be called Albion [the white island], situated as it is in the western ocean between Ffraink and Iwerddon, [extends] eight hundred miles in its length and two hundred in its width, and whatsoever men must needs use it supplies them in unfailing plenty. And with this it is full of numerous wide-spreading plains and noble hills, and havens to which from overseas come foreign products in great variety. And there are also in it forests and thickets full of various kinds of animals and wild beasts, and many swarms of bees gathering honey among the flowers. There are with this fair pastures at the foot of wind-swept mountains, and bright, clear springs, and further, there are lakes and rivers full of various varieties of fish… And so it is peopled by five nations, the Bryttaniait, the Normaniaid, the Ssaesson, the Ffichtiait, and the Yssgottiaid. And of all these the ryttaniaid were the first to settle it, from morrrydd [the Channel] as far as the sea of Iwerddon, until the vengeance of God came upon them for their sins…”
Source: http://self-realisation.com/ourstory/brut-tysillo/
TRIADS OF THE ISLE OF PRYDAIN
1. There were Three Names Given to the Isle of Prydein. Before it was inhabited it was called the sea-girt green land. Later it was called the Honey Island. The people formed a tribe called the Cymry on the Isle of Prydein after Prydein ap Aedd the Great. And no one has any right to it but the tribe of the Cymry for they first took possession, and before this time there were no persons living on it; but it was full of bears, wolves, crocodiles and bison.
2. There were Three Primary Divisions of the Isle of Prydein: Cymmru, Lloegria and Alban. The rank of sovereignty belongs to each of the three under a monarchy and voice of the country. They are governed according to the regulations of Prydein and to the nation of the Cymry belongs the right of establishing the monarchy by the voice of the country and the people, according to rank and primeval right under the protection of such regulation. Royalty ought to exist in every country in the Isle of Prydein and every royalty ought to be under the protection of the voice of the country. Therefore, it is said “the country is more powerful than a lord.”
3. There are Three Pillars of the Social State in the Isle of Prydein. They are the voice of the country, royalty, and judicature, according to the regulation of Prydein.
4. There are Three Pillars of the Nation of the Isle of Prydein. The first was HU the Mighty, who brought the nation of the Cymry first to the Isle of Prydein; and they came from the Summer Country, which is also called Defrobani, the Summerland or Atlantia; and they came over the hazy sea to the Isle of Prydein where they settled. The second was Prydein, who first organized a social state of sovereignty in the land of Prydein; for before that time there was no justice but what was done by favour; nor any law, except that of superior force. Thethird was Dyvnwal Moelmud, for he first made arrangements respecting the laws, maxims, customs, and privileges of the country and tribe. And by these reasons, they were called the three pillars of the nation of the Cymry.
5. There were three social tribes on the Isle of Prydein. The first was the tribe of Cymry, who came to the Isle of Prydein with HU the Mighty,because he would not possess a country and lands by fighting and pursuit, but by justice and tranquility. The second was a tribe of Lloegrians, who came from Gascony, and they were descended from the tribe of the Cymry. The third were the Brythons, who came from Armorica, and who were descended from the tribe of the Cymry. These were called the three peaceful tribes because they came by mutual consent and tranquility; and these tribes were descended from the primitive tribe of the Cymry, and all three tribes had the same speech.
6. There were three refuge seeking tribes that came to the Island of Prydein and they came under the peace and permission of the tribe of the Cymry, without arms and without opposition. The first was a tribe of Caledonians in the north. The second was the Irish tribe, who dwelled in the highlands of Scotland. The third were the people of Galedin, who came in naked vessels to the Island of Wight, when their country was drowned, where they had land granted them by the tribe of Cymry. They had no privilege of claim in the Island of Prydein, but they had land and protection assigned to them under certain limitations; and it was stipulated that they should not possess the rank of native Cymry until the ninth of their lineal descendants.
7. There were three invading tribes that came to the Island of Prydein and who never departed from it. The first were the Coranians, who came from the country of Pwyl. The second were the Irish Picts, who came to Alban by the North Sea. The third were the Saxons. The Coranians were settled about the River Humber, and the shore of the German Ocean. The Irish Picts are in Alban about the shore of the Sea of Denmark. The Coranians and the Saxons united, and by violence and conquest brought the Loegrians into confederacy with them; and subsequently took the crown of the monarchy from the tribe of the Cymry. There remained none of the Loegrians that did not become Saxons, except those that are found in Cornwall, and the Commot of Carnoban in Deria and Bernicia in this period. In this manner the benevolent tribe of the Cymry, who preserved both their country and their language, lost the sovereignty of the Island of Prydein on account of the treachery of the refuge-seeking tribes, and the pillage of the three invading tribes.
Source: http://self-realisation.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Historical-Triads.pdf
HISTORY of BRITAIN – FROM THE FLOOD TO A.D. 700
Compiled from the various ancient records by Richard Williams Morgan.
“The notion so sedulously inculcated, first by Pagan, then by Papal Rome, that all nations except the two occupying the little Peninsulas of Greece and Italy were barbarians, may be now classed amongst the obsolete impositions on medieval credulity… It must at the same time be conceded, that the Roman polity did not commence with the first Latin authors, whose date is barely a century before Julius Cesar, and that the refinement of the pre-historic age, which could produce an Iliad, was something very wide indeed from a myth.
The Trojan descent of the Britons has been assigned the place to which it is substantially entitled in this history. It solves the numerous and very peculiar agreements in the social and military systems of pre-historic Britain and Asia which would otherwise remain inexplicable. It has always been consistently maintained by native authorities, and by extending the circle of researches, it is found – to receive ample and unexpected confirmations from the earliest documents of Italy, Gaul, Bretagne, Spain, and even Iceland.
On equally solid grounds of evidence, the social state of Britain has been described as from its first settlement by Hu the Mighty, that of a civilized and polished community. Had no other monument of Kymric antiquity but the Code of British Laws of Molmutius (B.C. 600), which still forms the basis of our common or unwritten law, descended to us, we could not doubt that we were handling the index of civilization of a very high order.
In such a code we possess not only the most splendid relic of pre-Roman Europe, but the key to all our British, as contra-distinguished from – Continental institutions. After perusing it, we stand amazed at the blindness which wanders groping for the origin of British rights and liberties in the swamps of the motherland of feudal serfdom-Germany.”
Source: http://self-realisation.com/ourstory/morgans-history-of-britain/
Brut Tysillo – “Ystorya Brenhined y Brytanyeit”
“And the kingdom was rent into five parts, each part under its own king, which kings continually fought one another. And after many years there arose a famous youth named Dunvallo Molmutius.148 He was the son of Cloten,149 a petty king of Cornwall, and his beauty and courage outshone that of all the kings of Britain…And he restored the land to its ancient dignity, and compiled laws which are known [to this day] as the laws of Dunvallo Molmutius, which even the Saxons obey. And he granted right [of sanctuary] to temples and to cities, and even to certain roads defined by law, so that any man who fled to them, whatever wrong he had done, should find sanctuary there unimpeded and without licence from his foes.”
Source: http://self-realisation.com/ourstory/brut-tysillo/
Neglected British History By Flinders Petrie
“The condition of pagan Britain is remarkably preserved in the laws of Dyvnwal Moelmud. That these laws are certainly long before the tenth century is proved by the gulf that exists between the state of society shown by them and that of the laws of Howel fixed to A.D. 914…. the laws of Howel refer back to Moelmud. What takes the laws of Moelmud at least to Roman times is that they are purely Pagan…How much farther back these laws may date, towards the traditional time of Moelmud, the fourth or seventh century BC we cannot now inquire.
The whole air is that of simple conditions and a free life, with much personal cultivation and sympathy in general Conduct. It would be impossible to produce such a code from a savage or violent people, and this intimate view of their life is the best ground for judging of their qualities.”
Source: http://www.ldolphin.org/cooper/appen6.html
The Stuart’s historian, Percy Enderbie, says in his history published in 1661 that Molmutius “took upon himself the Government of Britanny [i.e. Britain] in the year of the worlds creation 4748”. Meanwhile the Tudor historian Holinshed reported in the 1587 edition of his Chronicles that Molmutius “began his reigne over the whole monarchie of Britaine, in the yéere of the world 3529 [439 BC]”. Both authors agree with Tysilio on the reign’s duration, of 40 years. Given that the foundation of Rome was in 753 BC, Molumutius’s reign was 439-399 BC. This is right for Molmutius’s son Brennus to be the enemy commander at the Sack of Rome in 390 BC and to be named as such by the Roman historian Livy.
Source: The National CV
The Ancient Laws of Cambria – William Probart c.1823
“These triads are remarkably curious and interesting. They throw great light upon the manners and customs of the old Britons, and, in many cases, breathe a spirit of freedom that would not disgrace the polish of the nineteenth century…These triads also merit attention on account of their antiquity. They were framed by Dyvnwal Moelmud, who flourished about 400 years before the Christian æra, and consequently are upwards of two thousand years old.”
The Molmutine Laws
There are three tests of Civil Liberty,—equality of rights—equality of taxation—freedom to come and go.
There are three causes which ruin a State,—inordinate privileges—corruption of justice—national apathy.
There are three things which cannot be considered solid longer than their foundations are solid,—peace, property, and law.
Three things are indispensable to a true union of Nations, —sameness of laws, rights, and language.
There are three things free to all Britons,—the forest, the unworked mine, the right of hunting wild creatures.
There are three things which are private and sacred property in every man, Briton or foreigner,—his wife, his children, his domestic chattels.
There are three things belonging to a man which no law of men can touch, fine, or transfer,—his wife, his children, and the instruments of his calling; for no law can unman a man, or uncall a calling.
There are three persons in a family exempted from all manual or menial work—the little child, the old man or woman, and the family instructor.
There are three orders against whom no weapon can be bared—the herald, the bard, the head of a clan.
There are three of private rank, against whom no weapon can be bared,—a woman, a child under fifteen, and an unarmed man.There are three things that require the unanimous vote of the nation to effect,—deposition of the sovereign—introduction of novelties in religion—suspension of law.
There are three civil birthrights of every Briton,—the right to go wherever he pleases—the right, wherever he is, to protection from his land and sovereign—the right of equal privileges and equal restrictions.
There are three property birthrights of every Briton,—five (British) acres of land for a home— the right of armorial bearings–the right of suffrage in the enacting of the laws, the male at twenty-one, the female on her marriage.
There are three guarantees of society,—security for life and limb—security for property— security of the rights of nature.
There are three sons of captives who free themselves,—a bard, a scholar, a mechanic.
There are three things the safety of which depends on that of the others,—the sovereignty— national courage—just administration of the laws.
There are three things which every Briton may legally be compelled to attend,—the worship of God—military service—and the courts of law.
For three things a Briton is pronounced a traitor, and forfeits his rights, emigration—collusion with an enemy —surrendering himself, and living under an enemy.
There are three things free to every man, Britain or foreigner, the refusal of which no law will justify,—water from spring, river, or well—firing from a decayed tree—a block of stone not in use.
There are three orders who are exempt from bearing arms,—the bard—the judge,—the graduate in law or religion. These represent God and his peace, and no weapon must ever be found in their hand. There are three kinds of sonship,—a son by marriage with a native Briton—an illegitimate son acknowledged on oath by his father—a son adopted out of the clan.
There are three whose power is kingly in law,—the sovereign paramount of Britain over all Britain and its isles, —the princes palatine in their princedoms, —the heads of the clans in their clans.
There are three thieves who shall not suffer punishment, —a woman compelled by her husband, —a child, —a necessitous person who has gone through three towns and to nine houses in each town without being able to obtain charity though he asked for it.
There are three ends of law,—prevention of wrong, —punishment for wrong inflicted—insurance of just retribution.
There are three lawful castigations,—of a son by a father —of a kinsman by the head of a clan—of a soldier by his officer. The chief of a clan when marshalling his men may strike his man three ways—with his baton—with the flat of his sword—with his open hand. Each of these is a correction, not an insult.
There are three sacred things by which the conscience binds itself to truth,—the name of God—the rod of him who offers up prayers to God—the joined right hand.
There are three persons who have a right to public maintenance—the old—the babe—the foreigner who cannot speak the British tongue.”
Source: Ancient Laws of Cambria
INVASION OF TURTLE ISLAND
The WHOLE UNDERTAKING WAS EXTRACTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES WEALTH
As soon as Europeans arrived in New Netherland, they began to search for mineral wealth, particularly precious metals. Initially, they traded for metal with the Native Americans and later, as homesteads and communities were established, the Europeans began to explore on their own. Gold and silver were never found in economic quantities, but other metals were equally or more important for daily life. Iron was first extracted from “bog” deposits. These were small pockets of limonite that were literally deposited in swamps. At the same time, limonite occurred in weathered pockets of rock in the Hudson Highlands and was used for ore. These deposits soon proved to be too small and lean, and further exploration revealed many deposits of magnetite
The New World History as explained by an Old Fashioned Old World American JBW
The Real Imperialism of Land Grabbing TRASH
The Birth of Green Imperialism
YES THE WITHAMS WERE PRESENT
The First Maps of Turtle Island by the FRENCH as Early as 1632
A Map of the North Eastern TURTLE ISLAND 1665
11,319 Years ago …. 9,300 Years
Before Christ
Son of The Swamp Fox
STOLEN TITLES BROKEN CHAINS
The Great American Land Crimes
People of the Dawn
Wesley Dick
It may have a connection to Fort William Henry and the Battle of Lake George
Viking Berserkers – Fierce Warriors or Drug-Fuelled Madmen?
The Americas The STOLEN LANDS
11,319 Years ago … 9,300 Years
Before Christ
The Doctrine of Extinguishment is TOTAL BS
Corpus Juris JUST FRIGGIN SCREW US
WOW JUST LIKE ISRAEL Oh My God imagine That
OPERATED FROM ALBANY (Fort Orange) in the EMPIRE
Dutch East India Company – Wikipedia
The Dutch East India Company: VOC (Verenigde Oostindische …
The Dutch East India Company was richer than Apple, Google …
Dutch East India Company | Dutch trading company
Netherlands, Dutch East India Company Crew Index, 1633-1795
History Of The Dutch East India Company In 1 Minute
Dutch East India Company – military.wikia.org
Indonesia – Growth and impact of the Dutch East India Company …
Dutch East Indie Company – Wikipedia
Dutch East Indies – Wikipedia
Dutch East India Company – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
When The Dutch Ruled The World: Rise and Fall of the Dutch …
Dutch East Indies 1602-1949 Part I – YouTube
Dutch East Indies Company (V.O.C) Timeline | View from the …
Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie | Weapons and Warfare
Dutch East India Company – Infogalactic: the planetary …
The Dutch in South Africa, 1652-1795 1802-1806 – Colonial Voyage
New Netherlands – Dutch Genealogy
Dutch East India Company (DEIC)/VOC | South African History …
Archives of the Dutch East India Company | United Nations …
Dutch East India Company – quazoo.com
Dutch East India Company – New World Encyclopedia
Dutch East India Company – IPFS
June 3: The Dutch East India Company – jewishcurrents.org
Dutch East India Company : definition of Dutch East India …
The Most Valuable Companies of All-Time – Visual Capitalist
The Dutch East India Company Profile – thoughtco.com
Dutch West India Company – Wikipedia
What Was the First Company to Issue Stock? – Investopedia
Coins from Netherlands East Indies – Numista
The Trail Of Tears: Government-Approved Ethnic Cleansing That Removed 100,000 Native Americans From Their Ancestral Lands
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS an update on Turtle Island
The FCC, CIA, FBI, NASA, FIMA, HOME LAND SECURITY are not and never were part of the government of the people, by the people and for the people that hold stock in these agencies all under foreign dominion. see (U.S. v Strang, 254 US 491 No. 20 (1921); Lewis v. United States, 680 F.2d 1239, 1241 (9th Cir. 1982). Corporation United States was once in bankruptcy (Executive Order 12803).
The History of the INVADING EMPIRES This is what Turtle Island Faced
This Land Ain’t Your Land ….. This Land Ain’t My Land ….. It’s STOLEN, SEIZED, CONFISCATED LAND ….. Yes BY FIAT AND DECREE See …. The PAPAL Bull Shit
YES SIREE ….. Go Warriors … Go Indians
Broad Acres …. Hometown USA …. Childhood Home of THE SON OF SWAMP FOX
Book:
Richard Grove
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN: 9780521403856; 560pp.; Price: £75.00
Reviewer:
University of Bolton
Citation:
https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/8
Date accessed: 28 July, 2019
MERS ALTA FEDERAL RESERVE LAND SWINDLES OH REALLY
http://invasionofamerica.ehistory.org/
THE USA INC. STEALING LAND AS AMERICAN AS APPLE PIE
GEE LOOK So Called America was INVADED by the ROYALS and the SUBJECTS of the Royals ….. Gee Oh Golly Whiz ….. GO FIGURE
My Ancient Ancestors from the Vikin https://books.google.com/books…
THANK YOU Jeannine M Myers
Our Country in Story
BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM.PE
MAGA ? Well lets see
The Vast Royal Dominion of NEW England and the NEW Netherlands with NEW France
The VAST Arrogance of the State’s Generals and the High and Mightiness of the PATROONS Revealed …. UNREAL
Some White Mans Recordings of White Man’s Version of the ROYAL INVASION … https://books.google.com/books…
“The Thanksgiving story is an absolution of the Pilgrims, whose brutal quest for absolute power in the New World is made to seem both religiously motivated and eminently human…. The Mayflower’s cultural heirs are programmed to find glory in their own depravity, and savagery in their most helpless victims, who can only redeem themselves by accepting the inherent goodness of white Americans.”
This article was originally published on November 27, 2003, when Glen Ford was co-publisher of The Black Commentator.
Nobody but Americans celebrates Thanksgiving. (Canadians have a holiday by the same name, but an entirely different history and political import.) It is reserved by history and the intent of “the founders” as the supremely white American holiday, the most ghoulish event on the national calendar. No Halloween of the imagination can rival the exterminationist reality that was the genesis, and remains the legacy, of the American Thanksgiving. It is the most loathsome, humanity-insulting day of the year – a pure glorification of racist barbarity.
We are thankful that the day grows nearer when the almost four centuries-old abomination will be deprived of its reason for being: white supremacy. Then we may all eat and drink in peace and gratitude for the blessings of humanity’s deliverance from the rule of evil men.
Thanksgiving is much more than a lie – if it were that simple, an historical correction of the record of events in 1600s Massachusetts would suffice to purge the “flaw” in the national mythology. But Thanksgiving is not just a twisted fable, and the mythology it nurtures is itself inherently evil. The real-life events – subsequently revised – were perfectly understood at the time as the first, definitive triumphs of the genocidal European project in New England. The near-erasure of Native Americans in Massachusetts and, soon thereafter, from most of the remainder of the northern English colonial seaboard was the true mission of the Pilgrim enterprise – Act One of the American Dream. African Slavery commenced contemporaneously – an overlapping and ultimately inseparable Act Two.
The last Act in the American drama must be the “root and branch” eradication of all vestiges of Act One and Two – America’s seminal crimes and formative projects. Thanksgiving as presently celebrated – that is, as a national political event – is an affront to civilization.
Celebrating the unspeakable
White America embraced Thanksgiving because a majority of that population glories in the fruits, if not the unpleasant details, of genocide and slavery and feels, on the whole, good about their heritage: a cornucopia of privilege and national power. Children are taught to identify with the good fortune of the Pilgrims. It does not much matter that the Native American and African holocausts that flowed from the feast at Plymouth are hidden from the children’s version of the story – kids learn soon enough that Indians were made scarce and Africans became enslaved. But they will also never forget the core message of the holiday: that the Pilgrims were good people, who could not have purposely set such evil in motion. Just as the first Thanksgivings marked the consolidation of the English toehold in what became the United States, the core ideological content of the holiday serves to validate all that has since occurred on these shores – a national consecration of the unspeakable, a balm and benediction for the victors, a blessing of the fruits of murder and kidnapping, and an implicit obligation to continue the seamless historical project in the present day.
The Thanksgiving story is an absolution of the Pilgrims, whose brutal quest for absolute power in the New World is made to seem both religiously motivated and eminently human. Most importantly, the Pilgrims are depicted as victims – of harsh weather and their own naive yet wholesome visions of a new beginning. In light of this carefully nurtured fable, whatever happened to the Indians, from Plymouth to California and beyond, in the aftermath of the 1621 dinner must be considered a mistake, the result of misunderstandings – at worst, a series of lamentable tragedies. The story provides the essential first frame of the American saga. It is unalloyed racist propaganda, a tale that endures because it served the purposes of a succession of the Pilgrims’ political heirs, in much the same way that Nazi-enhanced mythology of a glorious Aryan/German past advanced another murderous, expansionist mission.
Thanksgiving is quite dangerous – as were the Pilgrims.
Rejoicing in a cemetery
The English settlers, their ostensibly religious venture backed by a trading company, were glad to discover that they had landed in a virtual cemetery in 1620. Corn still sprouted in the abandoned fields of the Wampanoags [2], but only a remnant of the local population remained around the fabled Rock. In a letter to England, Massachusetts Bay colony founder John Winthrop wrote, “But for the natives in these parts, God hath so pursued them, as for 300 miles space the greatest part of them are swept away by smallpox which still continues among them. So as God hath thereby cleared our title to this place, those who remain in these parts, being in all not 50, have put themselves under our protection.”
Ever diligent to claim their own advantages as God’s will, the Pilgrims thanked their deity for having “pursued” the Indians to mass death. However, it was not divine intervention that wiped out most of the natives around the village of Patuxet but, most likely, smallpox-embedded blankets planted during an English visit or slave raid. Six years before the Pilgrim landing, a ship sailed into Patuxet’s harbor, captained by none other than the famous seaman and mercenary soldier John Smith [3], former leader of the first successful English colony in the New World, at Jamestown, Virginia. Epidemic and slavery followed in his wake, as Debra Glidden described in IMDiversity.com [4]:
In 1614 the Plymouth Company of England, a joint stock company, hired Captain John Smith to explore land in its behalf. Along what is now the coast of Massachusetts in the territory of the Wampanoag, Smith visited the town of Patuxet according to “The Colonial Horizon,” a 1969 book edited by William Goetzinan. Smith renamed the town Plymouth in honor of his employers, but the Wampanoag who inhabited the town continued to call it Patuxet.
The following year Captain Hunt, an English slave trader, arrived at Patuxet. It was common practice for explorers to capture Indians, take them to Europe and sell them into slavery for 220 shillings apiece. That practice was described in a 1622 account of happenings entitled “A Declaration of the State of the Colony and Affairs in Virginia,” written by Edward Waterhouse. True to the explorer tradition, Hunt kidnapped a number of Wampanoags to sell into slavery.
Another common practice among European explorers was to give “smallpox blankets” to the Indians. Since smallpox was unknown on this continent prior to the arrival of the Europeans, Native Americans did not have any natural immunity to the disease so smallpox would effectively wipe out entire villages with very little effort required by the Europeans. William Fenton describes how Europeans decimated Native American villages in his 1957 work “American Indian and White relations to 1830.” From 1615 to 1619 smallpox ran rampant among the Wampanoags and their neighbors to the north. The Wampanoag lost 70 percent of their population to the epidemic and the Massachusetts lost 90 percent.
Most of the Wampanoag had died from the smallpox epidemic so when the Pilgrims arrived they found well-cleared fields which they claimed for their own. A Puritan colonist, quoted by Harvard University’s Perry Miller, praised the plague that had wiped out the Indians for it was “the wonderful preparation of the Lord Jesus Christ, by his providence for his people’s abode in the Western world.” Historians have since speculated endlessly on why the woods in the region resembled a park to the disembarking Pilgrims in 1620. The reason should have been obvious: hundreds, if not thousands, of people had lived there just five years before.
In less than three generations the settlers would turn all of New England into a charnel house for Native Americans, and fire the economic engines of slavery throughout English-speaking America. Plymouth Rock is the place where the nightmare truly began.
The uninvited?
It is not at all clear what happened at the first – and only – “integrated” Thanksgiving feast. Only two written accounts of the three-day event exist, and one of them, by Governor William Bradford, was written 20 years after the fact. Was Chief Massasoit invited to bring 90 Indians with him to dine with 52 colonists, most of them women and children? This seems unlikely. A good harvest had provided the settlers with plenty of food, according to their accounts, so the whites didn’t really need the Wampanoag’s offering of five deer. What we do know is that there had been lots of tension between the two groups that fall. John Two-Hawks, who runs the Native Circle [5] web site, gives a sketch of the facts:
“Thanksgiving’ did not begin as a great loving relationship between the pilgrims and the Wampanoag, Pequot and Narragansett people. In fact, in October of 1621 when the pilgrim survivors of their first winter in Turtle Island sat down to share the first unofficial ‘Thanksgiving’ meal, the Indians who were there were not even invited! There was no turkey, squash, cranberry sauce or pumpkin pie. A few days before this alleged feast took place, a company of ‘pilgrims’ led by Miles Standish actively sought the head of a local Indian chief, and an 11 foot high wall was erected around the entire Plymouth settlement for the very purpose of keeping Indians out!”
It is much more likely that Chief Massasoit either crashed the party, or brought enough men to ensure that he was not kidnapped or harmed by the Pilgrims. Dr. Tingba Apidta, in his “Black Folks’ Guide to Understanding Thanksgiving [6],” surmises that the settlers “brandished their weaponry” early and got drunk soon thereafter. He notes that “each Pilgrim drank at least a half gallon of beer a day, which they preferred even to water. This daily inebriation led their governor, William Bradford, to comment on his people’s ‘notorious sin,’ which included their ‘drunkenness and uncleanliness’ and rampant ‘sodomy.’”
Soon after the feast the brutish Miles Standish “got his bloody prize,” Dr. Apidta writes:
“He went to the Indians, pretended to be a trader, then beheaded an Indian man named Wituwamat. He brought the head to Plymouth, where it was displayed on a wooden spike for many years, according to Gary B. Nash, ‘as a symbol of white power.’ Standish had the Indian man’s young brother hanged from the rafters for good measure. From that time on, the whites were known to the Indians of Massachusetts by the name ‘Wotowquenange,’ which in their tongue meant cutthroats and stabbers.”
What is certain is that the first feast was not called a “Thanksgiving” at the time; no further integrated dining occasions were scheduled; and the first, official all-Pilgrim “Thanksgiving” had to wait until 1637, when the whites of New England celebrated the massacre of the Wampanoag’s southern neighbors, the Pequots.
The real Thanksgiving Day Massacre
The Pequots today own the Foxwood Casino and Hotel [7], in Ledyard, Connecticut, with gross gaming revenues of over $9 billion in 2000. This is truly a (very belated) miracle, since the real first Pilgrim Thanksgiving was intended as the Pequot’s epitaph. Sixteen years after the problematical Plymouth feast, the English tried mightily to erase the Pequots from the face of the Earth, and thanked God for the blessing.
Having subdued, intimidated or made mercenaries of most of the tribes of Massachusetts, the English turned their growing force southward, toward the rich Connecticut valley, the Pequot’s sphere of influence. At the point where the Mystic River meets the sea, the combined force of English and allied Indians bypassed the Pequot fort to attack and set ablaze a town full of women, children and old people.
William Bradford, the former Governor of Plymouth and one of the chroniclers of the 1621 feast, was also on hand for the great massacre of 1637:
“Those that escaped the fire were slain with the sword; some hewed to pieces, others run through with their rapiers, so that they were quickly dispatched and very few escaped. It was conceived they thus destroyed about 400 at this time. It was a fearful sight to see them thus frying in the fire…horrible was the stink and scent thereof, but the victory seemed a sweet sacrifice, and they gave the prayers thereof to God, who had wrought so wonderfully for them, thus to enclose their enemies in their hands, and give them so speedy a victory over so proud and insulting an enemy.”
The rest of the white folks thought so, too. “This day forth shall be a day of celebration and thanksgiving for subduing the Pequots,” read Governor John Winthrop’s proclamation. The authentic Thanksgiving Day was born.
Most historians believe about 700 Pequots were slaughtered at Mystic. Many prisoners were executed, and surviving women and children sold into slavery in the West Indies. Pequot prisoners that escaped execution were parceled out to Indian tribes allied with the English. The Pequot were thought to have been extinguished as a people. According to IndyMedia [8], “The Pequot tribe numbered 8,000 when the Pilgrims arrived, but disease had brought their numbers down to 1,500 by 1637. The Pequot ‘War’ killed all but a handful of remaining members of the tribe.”
But there were still too many Indians around to suit the whites of New England, who bided their time while their own numbers increased to critical, murderous mass.
Guest’s head on a pole
By the 1670s the colonists, with 8,000 men under arms, felt strong enough to demand that the Pilgrims’ former dinner guests the Wampanoags disarm and submit to the authority of the Crown. After a series of settler provocations in 1675, the Wampanoag struck back, under the leadership of Chief Metacomet, son of Massasoit, called King Philip by the English. Metacomet/Philip, whose wife and son were captured and sold into West Indian slavery, wiped out 13 settlements and killed 600 adult white men before the tide of battle turned. A1996 issue [9] of the Revolutionary Worker provides an excellent narrative.
In their victory, the settlers launched an all-out genocide against the remaining Native people. The Massachusetts government offered 20 shillings bounty for every Indian scalp, and 40 shillings for every prisoner who could be sold into slavery. Soldiers were allowed to enslave any Indian woman or child under 14 they could capture. The “Praying Indians” who had converted to Christianity and fought on the side of the European troops were accused of shooting into the treetops during battles with “hostiles.” They were enslaved or killed. Other “peaceful” Indians of Dartmouth and Dover were invited to negotiate or seek refuge at trading posts – and were sold onto slave ships.
It is not known how many Indians were sold into slavery, but in this campaign,500 enslaved Indians were shipped from Plymouth alone. Of the 12,000 Indians in the surrounding tribes, probably about half died from battle, massacre and starvation.
After King Philip’s War, there were almost no Indians left free in the northern British colonies. A colonist wrote from Manhattan’s New York colony: “There is now but few Indians upon the island and those few no ways hurtful. It is to be admired how strangely they have decreased by the hand of God, since the English first settled in these parts.” In Massachusetts, the colonists declared a “day of public thanksgiving” in 1676, saying, “there now scarce remains a name or family of them [the Indians] but are either slain, captivated or fled.”
Fifty-five years after the original Thanksgiving Day, the Puritans had destroyed the generous Wampanoag and all other neighboring tribes. The Wampanoag chief King Philip was beheaded. His head was stuck on a pole in Plymouth, where the skull still hung on display 24 years later.
This is not thought to be a fit Thanksgiving tale for the children of today, but it’s the real story, well-known to the settler children of New England at the time – the white kids who saw the Wampanoag head on the pole year after year and knew for certain that God loved them best of all, and that every atrocity they might ever commit against a heathen, non-white was blessed.
There’s a good term for the process thus set in motion: nation-building.
Roots of the slave trade
The British North American colonists’ practice of enslaving Indians for labor or direct sale to the West Indies preceded the appearance of the first chained Africans at the dock in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. The Jamestown colonists’ human transaction with the Dutch vessel was an unscheduled occurrence. However, once the African slave trade became commercially established, the fates of Indians and Africans in the colonies became inextricably entwined. New England, born of up-close-and-personal, burn-them-in-the-fires-of-hell genocide, led the political and commercial development of the English colonies. The region also led the nascent nation’s descent into a slavery-based society and economy.
Ironically, an apologist for Virginian slavery made one of the best, early cases for the indictment of New England as the engine of the American slave trade. Unreconstructed secessionist Lewis Dabney’s 1867 book “A Defense of Virginia”[10] traced the slave trade’s origins all the way back to Plymouth Rock:
“The planting of the commercial States of North America began with the colony of Puritan Independents at Plymouth, in 1620, which was subsequently enlarged into the State of Massachusetts. The other trading colonies, Rhode Island and Connecticut, as well as New Hampshire (which never had an extensive shipping interest), were offshoots of Massachusetts. They partook of the same characteristics and pursuits; and hence, the example of the parent colony is taken here as a fair representation of them.
“The first ship from America, which embarked in the African slave trade, was the Desire, Captain Pierce, of Salem; and this was among the first vessels ever built in the colony. The promptitude with which the “Puritan Fathers” embarked in this business may be comprehended, when it is stated that the Desire sailed upon her voyage in June, 1637. [Note: the year they massacred the Pequots.] The first feeble and dubious foothold was gained by the white man at Plymouth less than seventeen years before; and as is well known, many years were expended by the struggle of the handful of settlers for existence. So that it may be correctly said, that the commerce of New England was born of the slave trade; as its subsequent prosperity was largely founded upon it. The Desire, proceeding to the Bahamas, with a cargo of ‘dry fish and strong liquors, the only commodities for those parts,’ obtained the negroes from two British men-of-war, which had captured them from a Spanish slaver.
“Thus, the trade of which the good ship Desire, of Salem, was the harbinger, grew into grand proportions; and for nearly two centuries poured a flood of wealth into New England, as well as no inconsiderable number of slaves. Meanwhile, the other maritime colonies of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and Connecticut, followed the example of their elder sister emulously; and their commercial history is but a repetition of that of Massachusetts. The towns of Providence, Newport, and New Haven became famous slave trading ports. The magnificent harbor of the second, especially, was the favorite starting-place of the slave ships; and its commerce rivaled, or even exceeded, that of the present commercial metropolis, New York. All the four original States, of course, became slaveholding.”
The Revolution that exploded in 1770s New England was undertaken by men thoroughly imbued with the worldview of the Indian-killer and slave-holder. How could they not be? The “country” they claimed as their own was fathered by genocide and mothered by slavery – its true distinction among the commercial nations of the world. And these men were not ashamed, but proud, with vast ambition to spread their exceptional characteristics West and South and wherever their so-far successful project in nation-building might take them – and by the same bloody, savage methods that had served them so well in the past.
At the moment of deepest national crisis following the battle of Gettysburg in 1863, President Abraham Lincoln invoked the national fable that is far more central to the white American personality than Lincoln’s battlefield “Address.” Lincoln seized upon the 1621 feast as the historic “Thanksgiving” – bypassing the official and authentic 1637 precedent – and assigned the dateless, murky event the fourth Thursday in November. Lincoln surveyed a broken nation, and attempted nation-rebuilding, based on the purest white myth. The same year that he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, he renewed the national commitment to a white manifest destiny that began at Plymouth Rock. Lincoln sought to rekindle a shared national mission that former Confederates and Unionists and white immigrants from Europe could collectively embrace. It was and remains a barbaric and racist national unifier, by definition. Only the most fantastic lies can sanitize the history of the Plymouth Colony of Massachusetts.
“Like a rock”
The Thanksgiving holiday fable is at once a window on the way that many, if not most, white Americans view the world and their place in it, and a pollutant that leaches barbarism into the modern era. The fable attempts to glorify the indefensible, to enshrine an era and mission that represent the nation’s lowest moral denominators. Thanksgiving as framed in the mythology is, consequently, a drag on that which is potentially civilizing in the national character, a crippling, atavistic deformity. Defenders of the holiday will claim that the politically-corrected children’s version promotes brotherhood, but that is an impossibility – a bald excuse to prolong the worship of colonial “forefathers” and to erase the crimes they committed. Those bastards burned the Pequot women and children, and ushered in the multinational business of slavery. These are facts. The myth is an insidious diversion – and worse.
Humanity cannot tolerate a 21st Century superpower, much of whose population perceives the world through the eyes of 17th Century land and flesh bandits. Yet that is the trick that fate has played on the globe. We described the roots of the planetary dilemma in our March 13 commentary, “Racism & War, Perfect Together. [11]”
The English arrived with criminal intent – and brought wives and children to form new societies predicated on successful plunder. To justify the murderous enterprise, Indians who had initially cooperated with the squatters were transmogrified into “savages” deserving displacement and death. The relentlessly refreshed lie of Indian savagery became a truth in the minds of white Americans, a fact to be acted upon by every succeeding generation of whites. The settlers became a singular people confronting the great “frontier” – a euphemism for centuries of genocidal campaigns against a darker, “savage” people marked for extinction.
The necessity of genocide was the operative, working assumption of the expanding American nation. “Manifest Destiny” was born at Plymouth Rock and Jamestown, later to fall (to paraphrase Malcolm) like a rock on Mexico, the Philippines, Haiti, Nicaragua, etc. Little children were taught that the American project was inherently good, Godly, and that those who got in the way were “evil-doers” or just plain subhuman, to be gloriously eliminated. The lie is central to white American identity, embraced by waves of European settlers who never saw a red person.
Only a century ago, American soldiers caused the deaths of possibly a million Filipinos whom they had been sent to “liberate” from Spanish rule. They didn’t even know who they were killing, and so rationalized their behavior by substituting the usual American victims. Colonel Funston [12], of the Twentieth Kansas Volunteers, explained what got him motivated in the Philippines:
“Our fighting blood was up and we all wanted to kill ‘niggers.’ This shooting human beings is a ‘hot game,’ and beats rabbit hunting all to pieces.” Another wrote that “the boys go for the enemy as if they were chasing jack-rabbits …. I, for one, hope that Uncle Sam will apply the chastening rod, good, hard, and plenty, and lay it on until they come into the reservation and promise to be good ‘Injuns.’”
Last week in northern Iraq another American colonel, Joe Anderson of the 101st Airborne (Assault) Division, revealed that he is incapable of perceiving Arabs as human beings. Colonel Anderson, who doubles as a commander and host of a radio call-in program and a TV show designed to win the hearts and minds of the people of Mosul, had learned that someone was out to assassinate him. In the wild mood swing common to racists, Anderson decided that Iraqis are all alike – and of a different breed. He said as much to the Los Angeles Times [13].
“They don’t understand being nice,” said Anderson, who helps oversee the military zone that includes Mosul and environs. He doesn’t hide his irritation after months dedicated to restoring the city: “We spent so long here working with kid gloves, but the average Iraqi guy will tell you, ‘The only thing people respect here is violence…. They only understand being shot at, being killed. That’s the culture.’ … Nice guys do finish last here.”
Col. Anderson personifies the unfitness of Americans to play a major role in the world, much less rule it. “We poured a lot of our heart and soul into trying to help the people,” he bitched, as if Americans were God’s gift to the planet. “But it can be frustrating when you hear stupid people still saying, ‘You’re occupiers. You want our oil. You’re turning our country over to Israel.’” He cannot fathom that other people – non-whites – aspire to run their own affairs, and will kill and die to achieve that basic right.
What does this have to do with the Mayflower? Everything. Although possibly against their wishes, the Pilgrims hosted the Wampanoag for three no doubt anxious days. The same men killed and enslaved Wampanoags immediately before and after the feast. They, their newly arrived English comrades and their children roasted hundreds of neighboring Indians alive just 16 years later, and two generations afterwards cleared nearly the whole of New England of its indigenous “savages,” while enthusiastically enriching themselves through the invention of transoceanic, sophisticated means of enslaving millions. The Mayflower’s cultural heirs are programmed to find glory in their own depravity, and savagery in their most helpless victims, who can only redeem themselves by accepting the inherent goodness of white Americans.
Thanksgiving encourages these cognitive cripples in their madness, just as it is designed to do.
When Native Americans Were Slaughtered in the Name of ‘Civilization’
A nearly complete collection of the EARLIEST MAPPING of Turtle Island …. https://theadirondacksconspiracy.wordpress.com/the-lands-o…/
THEADIRONDACKSCONSPIRACY.WORDPRESS.COM
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All the original Maps clearly note the Land belongs to the ” INDIANS ” and is Indian Territory. Europeans had ZERO, NONE, NOTTA Title or Rights to Seize. The End. M…
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It has always been about Wealth the Natural Resources
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Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Bank? An Uncensored Investigation of the ..
Mar 12, 2012 – Uploaded by BaitAndSwitchTV
THIS IS PART 1 of an 8-PART EPISODE http://baitandswitchtv.com by Leesa Stanion | Stanion Studios. “What …
SEE ALSO https://www.google.com/search?ei=ZHDgWtPnBcrH_Qao3LDICQ&q=howard+zahniser++hochschild+rockefeller&oq=howard+zahniser++hochschild+rockefeller&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i160k1.8172.17658.0.19302.24.24.0.0.0.0.256.2568.18j5j1.24.0….0…1.1.64.psy-ab..0.22.2193…0j0i22i30k1j33i21k1.0.4AgaWW4Cw4Q
Guess What Is Really Being Railed to NUCLEAR ALLEY in Texas and New Mexico
The Great Adirondacks Heist ….. REEs Minerals and Mobsters …
Mar 21, 2017 – HUDSON RIVER CAKE TO NUCLEAR ALLEY ….. CLINTONS, CUOMO, OBAMA and the NUCLEAR ALLEY ENRICHMENT at Eunice NM and Andrews Texas ….. HMMM What is BLEEDING out of the ADIRONDACKS and CHAMPLAIN ? SO LETS SEE The Sacandaga River and Lake are WHERE AGAIN ?
SAME OLD SHIT ….. DIFFERENT DAY
AGENDA 321 BC
The OBLIGATION is to tell the WHOLE STORY and NOT Just the European and Jewish, Roman Catholic, Jesuit and MORMON / LDS Version
Enjoy the Dawn Land the Abenaki Creation Story
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The Last Pharaohs: Egypt Under the Ptolemies, 305-30 BC
13 But Ptolemy’s taking of Egypt in 323 BC was more than a land grab. Ptolemaic governance had profound, long-term consequences for Egyptian history. It also resulted in the formation of ancient Egypt’s legacy to the West. Egyptology, as Bowman has recently emphasized, has typically been a field closed off from, and …
Territoriality vs. Land grabbing | WRM in English
Apr 30, 2013 – When it comes to land grabbing, specifically, this is something that has occurred throughout history, carried out by powerful forces, from the pharaohs of ancient Egypt, the politically powerful aristocrats of ancient Greece, the patrician families of the Roman Empire, the feudal lords of Europe, China, Japan …
Land grab, the values of land: new and old patterns of land appropriation
The seminar was one of three workshops on Land Grab coordinated by SIII, an interdisciplinary network of several universities in Milan organizing research … slacker in time – or in the construction of pharaonic public works characterized by a strong social impact as, for instance, the hydroelectric power
Germany and the Germans from an American Point of View
We can never get on if we are to introduce the discussion of the lines of every new battle-ship by arguments as to the sea-worthiness of the ark. Those of us who control a quarter of the habitable globe, and the inhabitants thereof, are much too busy to discuss the legal aspects of the land– grabbing of the Pharaohs.
The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Middle East and North Africa
How not to think of land–grabbing: Three critiques of large-scale investments in farmland. Journal of Peasant Studies, 38, 249– 279. doi:10.1080/03066150.2011.559008. … The water regime for orchards and plantations in pharaonic Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Antiquity, 80,57–80. Eyre, C. (1999). The village economy in …
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The Overland Monthly – Page 80 – Google Books Result
A HUNTERS’ PARADISE BETWEEN the ancient kingdom of Abyssinia in the northeast corner of Africa and the still more ancient domain of the Pharaohs, lies a wide stretch of country which has hitherto escaped seizure and partition by the land–grabbing nations of Europe. As the neglected territory is a rich one, its oversight …
https://lootednation.wordpress.com/the-adirondacks-conspiracy/
STOLEN TITLES BROKEN CHAINS
The Great American Land Crimes
The History of the INVADING EMPIRES This is what Turtle Island Faced
MERS ALTA FEDERAL RESERVE LAND SWINDLES OH REALLY
http://invasionofamerica.ehistory.org/
THE USA INC. STEALING LAND AS AMERICAN AS APPLE PIE
EURO TRASH did the very SAME CRAP in Europe and Britain for 1000s of Years. It’s how EMPIRES and KINGDOMS were STOLEN.
colonization – How did Europeans really conquer the Americas …
Oct 22, 2014 – This is a huge question, one that cannot possibly be covered entirely in a single answer on a website. However, the three points you listed in your question can be addressed, and I’ve tried to do so below. Please keep in mind that even these could each have whole books written about them, so I’m
Spain and America: From Reconquest to Conquest – North Carolina …
In the early 700s, Berber Muslims from North Africa, often called Moors , had conquered nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula. Over the following seven and a half centuries, the Christian kingdoms to the north gradually retook control of the peninsula, and by 1300, Muslims controlled only Granada, a small region in the south of …
timeline
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youtube.com
The Great Adirondacks Heist ….. REEs Minerals and Mobsters …
The Great Adirondacks Heist ….. REEs Minerals and Mobsters; … The Great Adirondacks Heist ….. REEs Minerals and … Military know about the REEs and Minerals…
NOTICE THE GEOLOGY OF THE PARK – THE BLUE LINE
Being Noble Requires Honesty and Integrity
THE PAPAL BULLS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN
BULL CRAP
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THIS IS MY STORY
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Most Invading, Occupying Whites LIKE …… “Governor Cuomo and his supporters not only ignore the past, they wish to exterminate it, erasing the historical realities which have shaped ….. the Empire State.”
STOLEN LAND Custom, Policy and Practice
All the Spanish, Dutch, French and English as well as USA Inc. STAINS need to be REMOVED from Turtle Island. The SAVAGE American Holocaust needs to be EXPOSED for the Genocide and Land Wealth Grab it has ALWAYS BEEN. The European and American KINGS be DAMNED
AUTHOR’S NOTE …. Land Scamming is Felonious
See THE DECOLONIAL WORLD ATLAS for a World Wide Understanding
List of Maps and Super Illustrations / Books
Images for Nova Francia et Regiones Adiacenti
Adriaen vander Donck’s map of the New Netherlands
Lucini map of the New Netherlands
DeLaet’s Beschryvinge van west Indien
Doctor Holden states that the lake had four names, namely, An-di-a-ta-roc-te,13 given it by the Iroquois according to Father Jogues, and meaning “the place where the lake contracts,” Can-i-de-ri-oit,14 “the tail of the lake” (Champlain), supposed to be a Mohawk term, Lac du St. Sacrement, “lake of the blessed sacrement,” {sic} given it by Father Jogues in 1646,15 and Lake George, in honor of the reigning monarch, bestowed by Major General William Johnson in 1755, in honor of his king.16
THE SOCIALISTS OF THE ADIRONDACK Blue Line
YES I SAID SOCIALISM AND BLUE LINE
Good Ol Zahniser and His Chums like Rockefellers
Eduardo Hochschild Net Worth – TheRichest
Eduardo Hochschild Net Worth. TheRichest … Today, Eduardo Hochschild sits as the Chairman of the Board of Cementos Pacasmayo and Hochschild Mining.
See Hochschild Zahniser Rockefeller Rothschilds and etc. IMetals NYCO Barton Mining Et Al
Hochschild Mining – Official Site
We are a leading underground precious metals producer focusing on high grade silver and gold deposits, with almost 50 years’ operating experience in the Americas.
SEE FABIAN SOCIALISM Adirondacks
500 Years of RACKETEERING
The Sophistries of The BLACK ROBES
The VAST Treasure Trove of Military, Industrial and Strategic Materials NO LONGER A SECRET
For Your Mothers and the Teachers
The Treasure Trove is NO LONGER A SECRET
http://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2017/06/adirondack-wild-oppose-a-constitutional-convention.html#comment-1279574
Further, Adirondack Wild expects that scientific surveys be done on Forest Preserve affected by a proposed amendment to determine if the lands harbor valuable natural resources or wildlife habitats. Those scientific surveys require time to complete and the results considered, considerably more time than a constitutional convention would allow.
“On balance, the legislative process is much preferred to a convention because of the time two legislatures allow to consider, deliberate, study and decide if exceptions to our irreplaceable Forest Preserve are in the public’s interest,” Adirondack Wild’s Gibson concluded.
BAVARIAN COMMUNISTS AND THE ADIRONDACK PARK ….. YUP
The Doctrine of Discovery in U.S. Law
In 1823, the Christian Doctrine of Discovery was quietly adopted into U.S. law by the Supreme Court in the celebrated case, Johnson v. McIntosh (8 Wheat., 543). Writing for a unanimous court, Chief Justice John Marshall observed that Christian European nations had assumed “ultimate dominion” over the lands of America during the Age of Discovery, and that – upon “discovery” – the Indians had lost “their rights to complete sovereignty, as independent nations,” and only retained a right of “occupancy” in their lands. In other words, Indians nations were subject to the ultimate authority of the first nation of Christendom to claim possession of a given region of Indian lands. [Johnson:574; Wheaton:270-1]
The Empire’s Giant Collectivist SOCIALIST Communism
The CONservation CON Land Rustling 101
Freehold Leasehold Fee Simple Rents and the EMPIRE Patroons
NEW ENGLAND / NEW YORK
The Longest Running Crime Scene Imaginable
THE EMPIRE STATE
THE UNSEEN CABAL , OLIGARCHS R US
THE ROOTS OF THE ADIRONDACK COLLECTIVE ( Park )
GREEN the NEW RED
FABIAN SOCIALISTS NEW YORK CONservation
by and far STOLEN First Nations Land
Possessory Title versus Occupation by Force
The COLONIZATION ( See Roman Colonia )
THE ENGLISH VERSION OF ” Indian Territory “
Message to the Warren ounty and New York Bar and the Glens Falls Banksters INTERNATIONAL PAPER was Your Ticket to the Witham Property
To Hell With the ALBANY LAW SHOOL and the EMPIRE
The MARAUDING THEIVES and the Four Inns of Court
Templar Honor Tales and Turtle Island AKA THE TRUTH
New Netherlands, New Spain, New France, New ENGLAND and the USA Inc. An Invasion of GREED , WAR for the Spoils ….. A Giant CRIME SCENE
The Real America
TO [CONSEAL] A FRAUD IS A FRAUD, Kwassush ( Wesley Dick )
Environmental COLONIA and Fabian Socialists Environmental CONservation
Adirondack Life – Volume 31 – Page 38
additions and alterations with skilled attention YESTERYEARS lity and detailing to enhance your Adirondack lifestyle. … From 1895 to 1900 Prestonia Mann served on the American Fabian Society’s executive committee and edited its magazine, The American Fabian. The society advocated the gradual societal change from individualism to collective socialism, not by revolution, but by local legislation.
YOU WILL OBEY IN THE EMPIRE’S SOCIALIST PARK
YOU WILL BE COMPLIANT FOR THE EMPIRE
FREE HOLD OR LAND RENTER
Understanding NYS Tax Payments On State Lands – The Adirondack …
www.adirondackalmanack.com/…/debunking-the-enduring-myth-that-the-state-does-…
Jul 8, 2013 – Historic Forest Preserve Lands The idea that the State of New York does not pay taxes on state lands is an enduring myth in the Adirondack …
Myths & Reality 3: The state does not pay taxes on state lands and …
http://www.protectadks.org/…/myths-reality-3-the-state-does-not-pay-taxes-on-state-lands-a…
Jul 14, 2013 – Myth: The State of New York does not pay taxes on Forest Preserve or … Preserve and conservation easement lands in the Adirondack Park.
New York’s Forest Preserve – NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation
http://www.dec.ny.gov › Lands and Waters › Fore
Of the 4.7 million acres of land managed by the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), nearly 3 million acres, or 61%, are classified as Forest Preserve. … Protected as “forever wild” by Article XIV of the New York State Constitution, New York’s Forest Preserve lands have …
MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN
The Best Way to Loot a Planet is to OWN ONE
Environmental Confiscation / Conversion and the State WHERE DID IT ALL BEGIN
Cherry Picking the Planet for the LUSHEST OF THE LUSH …… The History of COLONIALISM for PROFIT and the AGE OF DISCOVERY …… ADVENTURES IN PLANETARY LOOTING
SELLING THE WARS
The endless excuses for INVADING Other’s Natural Resources the Banksters WET DREAM
- S. Sörlin and P. Warde, ‘The Problem of the Problem of Environmental History’ Environmental History 12, 1 (2007), 107–130.
- W. G. Hoskins, The Making of the English Landscape (London, 1955).
- Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860 (Cambridge, 1994).
- William Beinart and Lotte Hughes, Environment and Empire (Oxford, 2007).
- Paul Warde, Ecology, Economy and State Formation in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, 2006).
- I. G. Simmonds, Environmental History of Great Britain from 10,000 Years Ago to the Present (Edinburgh, 2001).
- John Sheail, An Environmental History of Twentieth-Century Britain (Basingstoke, 2002).
- B. W. Clapp, An Environmental History of Britain Since the Industrial Revolution (London, 1994).
- E. A. Wrigley, ‘The Supply of Raw Materials in the Industrial Revolution’, Economic History Review, 15, 1 (1962), 1–16.
- E. L. Jones, ‘The Agricultural Origins of Industry’, Past and Present, 40 (1968), 58–71.
- S. Mosley, The Chimney of the World: a History of Smoke Pollution in Victorian and Edwardian Manchester (Cambridge, 2001).
- Peter Thorsheim, Inventing Pollution: Coal Smoke and Culture in Britain Since 1800 (Athens, O., 2006).
- B. Luckin, Questions of Power: Electricity and Environment in Inter-war Britain (New York, 1990).
- J. Winter, Secure from Rash Assault: Sustaining the Victorian Environment (Berkeley, Calif., 1999)
Breaking News THOUSANDS of US Military
Veterans Ask First Nations To FORGIVE Military Sins
Salon
Watch Video https://www.facebook.com/salon/videos/10154243719606519/
Salon’s Charlie May was at Standing Rock as protesters celebrated the recent #DAPL news. Veterans, including Wes Clark Jr., bowed and asked Native elders for forgiveness.
Read more: http://slnm.us/aYa4WVS
All those STOLEN First Nations Lands NEW York NEW England Stolen is Stolen
The Custom Policy and Practice of STEALING LAND has been ongoing in NEW York / EMPIRE State for nearly 500 Years
My Mother And Dad ….. Raised Me to tell the truth …… They were Great Parents
Clifford B. Witham II Anita Farmilo Witham
THE HARD COLD FACTS …… EMPIRE
ALBANY NEW YORK ……. It’s time FULL More and More and MoreLAND Investigations ……. The Albany Corporations DEC’s THEFTS Revealed …….
More and More MoreLAND Rackets EXPOSED
Message to NEW York NEW England
Your More and More and More and More and More and MoreLAND Cons Swindles are EXPOSED ……. The GREAT NORTHWAY is Outed …….. EVCON / DEC and the Great Realty / Land Grabs EXPOSED ……. Schneiderman and Cuomo, Schumer and Little the WHOLE EVCON ……..
The More and More and MORE Land CON is Revealed
INVASION
The Royal Conservation LAND GRABBING begins 1584
Stuffing Their Pockets with the EXPLOITED Natural Resources
SEE THE GRAND MASONIC / JESUIT / CATHOLIC
The Green Swindle is a GIANT TRAIN ROBBERY
Forest Laws in the Middle Ages | Sarah Woodbury 
… and wetlands) were not exclusive to the king or … were harsh, forbidding not only the hunting of game with in the forest, … Forest Laws in the Middle …
The NEVER ENDING STORY of the Greatest Looting EVER …….
THE RACKET has been playing out since the PHARAOH’s QUAISIS and the PUBLICANS of the WICKED that live in the HIGH PLACES. The BANKSTERS are NOTHING NEW and the WHORE POLITICIANS are NOT either ……… The Lovers of Money NEVER QUIT ……. More and More and More and More LAND AMERICA’s Megga LAND GRAB
FLIM FLAMMED AMERICA You Have Been Had
The TRUTH IS …….. You’ve Been INDOCTRINATED
THE GREAT AMERICAN LAND GRABS
Properties of Violence
Newly opened territorial banks competed to fund speculative investments in even more rail spurs, larger land purchases, … Huge investments in resource extraction and real property by wealthy European speculators and East Coast bankers … of speculation in New Mexico drew the attention of the General Land Office, which investigated corruption and land fraud … He considered it a “systematic robbery of the Government” to conclude that land grant heirs owned the vast common lands.
COINCIDENCE think again
History of the American Bar Association – Lectric Law Library
History of the American Bar Association – from the ‘Lectric Law Library’s stacks. … The ABA was founded on August 21, 1878, in Saratoga Springs, New York, …
They Poisoned Lake Champlain
The Turtle Island Rapes
LEX REX by Fiat and Decree …. Because THE KING IS THE LAW and George Washington’s Gang were MASONS
BREAKING STORY Very Timely
Very important step in the way we move forward walking the walk. Good read.
“You raised the bar for this country, for all humanity, for forgiveness,” she told the Amish. She referred to those Amish who immediately forgave the shooter and supported his family following the massacre at Nickel Mines Amish school in Bart Township nearly a decade ago.
“As we came in here, the wind blew really hard, and it came through the trees,” Hansen said. “And I believe that the spirits of our old ones came by the wind, and they spoke, and this is a good day.”
The story of GLEN LAKE
“Indian trails, military roads, and waterwheels: Cultural and ecologica …
This is a study of a small community in upstate New York now known as Glen Lake. It is a diachronic study of how changing human populations, informed by their cultural worldviews, interacted with the natural environment. The timeframe spans the history of human habitation from the first Native Americans at the lake, …
Tracing Northern Warren County’s Earliest Roads – – The Adirondack …
Feb 19, 2015 – In Echoes I suggested the old military route may have run along the East Branch of the Sacandaga River (along today’s Route 8), possibly using what is today called “The Old Military Trail”. It turned easterly down Bartman Road southwest of Bakers Mills, to Armstrong Road, then along GarnetLake Road to …
Some background on the GRAND LIES and AGENDA of New York’s PATROONS ……. Native People and Their history had to be ERASED …. Son of Swamp Fox
The Big Fish of the Little Pond
AKA The Bartlett Pontiff Stewart and Rhodes Way
The Historical Facts of The GREAT NORTH WAY
THE EMPIRE STATE
Environmental Conservation My Ass
Total Control for the 1% OLIGARCHS
and lots and lots and lots of BUFFALO BILLIONS
WORKING THE More and More and MoreLAND Machine
Royal forest – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A royal forest is an area of land with different definitions in England, … the King’s sole rights as enshrined in forest law. … royal hunting forest, …
NYS Forest Rangers the Empire STATE Gestopo
The NEW GREEN in Albany
The More and More and MoreLAND Money Machine
The Age of Discovery, Manifest Destiny ……. The Royal Patents and Grants ALL Chicanery and ILLUSION ……. Spain France England the Netherlands and Russia never possessed the ALLODIAL TITLE …… The First Nations Possession for many many many CENTURIES ……… Prove That ……. Here’s some of the HOCUS POCUS by the Great White Fathers …….. FRAUD ON STEROIDS
Environmental CONservation As Old as Robin Hood and The Great North Way
The Empire State’s
Great Northway through the FOREST
The great property swindle: why do so few people in Britain own so much of our land?
Modern British history, excluding world wars and the loss of empire, is a record of two countervailing changes, one partly understood, one not understood at all. The partly understood change is the urbanisation of society to the point where 90 per cent of us in the United Kingdom live in urban areas. Hidden inside that transformation is the shift from a society in which, less than a century and a half ago, all land was owned by 4.5 per cent of the population and the rest owned nothing at all. Now, 70 per cent of the population has a stake in land, and collectively owns most of the 5 per cent of the UK that is urban. But this is a mere three million out of 60 million acres.
Through this transformation, the heirs to the disenfranchised of the Victorian era have inverted the relationship between the landed and the landless. This has happened even while huge changes have occurred in the 42 million acres of rural countryside. These account for 70 per cent of the home islands and are the agricultural plot. From being virtually the sole payers of such tax as was levied in 1873 (at fourpence in the 240p pound), the owners of Britain’s agricultural plot are now the beneficiaries of an annual subsidy that may run as high as £23,000 each, totalling between £3.5bn and £5bn a year. Urban dwellers, on the other hand, pay about £35bn in land-related taxes. Rural landowners receive a handout of roughly £83 per acre, while urban dwellers pay about £18,000 for each acre they hold, an average of £1,800 per dwelling, the average dwelling standing on one-tenth of an acre.
Britain urgently needs land reform, but there is a problem. The “tenants” of between 30 and 50 per cent of the Home Island land mass are unknown. I use the word tenant deliberately. Here’s why. In a written response to a question by Andrew George MP in February 2009, Bridget Prentice, a parliamentary undersecretary at the Ministry of Justice, replied, “The Crown is the ultimate owner of all land in England and Wales (including the Isles of Scilly): all other owners hold an estate in land. Although there is some land that the Crown has never granted away, most land is held of the Crown as freehold or leasehold.”
The Roman Empire State’s
New Netherlands, New Spain, New France, New ENGLAND and the USA Inc. An Invasion of GREED , WAR for the Spoils ….. A Giant CRIME SCENE
Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises, Sixth Edition
Chicago’s reputation for real estate booms was such that Berlin, overindulging in real estate speculation in the euphoria of victory over … The lenders to the real estate speculators, and especially the bank lenders, incur large loan losses.
Great Northway through the FOREST
WAKE UP FROM YOUR SLUMBER YOU HAVE BEEN HYPNOTIZED, INDOCTRINATED AND BRAINWASHED – WAKE UP – WAKE UP – WAKE UP …….. The MATRIX has pulled the wool over Your eyes.
http://www.ninehundred.net/control/forward.html
“And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul.” -Matthew 10:28
THE RAPE OF THE MIND: The Psychology of Thought Control, Menticide, and Brainwashing, by Joost A. M. Meerloo, M.D., Instructor in Psychiatry, Columbia University Lecturer in Social Psychology, New School for Social Research, Former Chief, Psychological Department, Netherlands Forces, published in 1956, World Publishing Company.
This book attempts to depict the strange transformation of the free human mind into an automatically responding machine a transformation which can be bought about by some of the cultural undercurrents in our present day society as well as by deliberate experiments in the service of a political ideology.
https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=Kings++Emperors+++Treasury++Mining++ https://sites.google.com/site/thegreattexasbankjob/Home/the-dark-underbelly-of-mortgage-fraud/land-speculation-flippin-and-frauds Note To Glens Falls Post Star ..... Nobody loved Lake George More than Mr.Clifford and Anita Witham and the Witham Family. The Swamp and East Shores Harbour being the proof. This is My Story for Mother and Dad ( all rights reserved JW )
In The Beginning Pin Hole “A”
The First Dam Harnessing The HP of the MILL POND
The Largest EPA Super Fund Site in America
Land Grabbing and Lying Government on STERIODS …… The Government Gone WILD …… https://vimeo.com/158368910
LAKE LEVEL IS 8+ Feet Higher Then NORMAL
Lake George The MILL POND
8 – 10 Feet Deeper Than Normal
Dam ” A ” Fluctuates & Manipulates / Flushes the Lake
The Destruction was INTENTIONAL
475,000 Gallons Every Day
Artificially made 8 to 10 feet deeper than NATURAL
475 K Gallons Daily X 200 Years
Maybe the USA Inc will enjoy this with NEW YORK’s Environmental Mobsters …… Cuomo and Schneiderman
The Giant Fantastic Money Machine …. Flushing LAKE GEORGE NEW YORK for BILLIONS ……. https://vimeo.com/157122145 SEE https://theadirondacksconspiracy.wordpress.com/…/the-poiso…/ AND DO NOT MISS ….. https://theadirondacksconspiracy.wordpress.com/…/the-adiro…/
Stealing and Grabbing Land
The LAND Grabbing was invented in the EAST …… NOT The West ……. RUN the BONDS ….. Follow the MONEY ……. The UN and Canada are FUNDING THESE Projects as a way to impose Globalism , Agenda 21 and the NWO on America . The Trails aim is to create OPEN BORDERS …….
The EMPIRE STATE
The CONservation CON the FASCIST Communism in New York
The Cushy Cushy Land Swaps and Environmental Land Swindles
BIG MONEY BIG PERKS BIG Politics
The Conservation CON of NYS EVCON
The Importation from the Old World to the New World of the Land Grant and Land Patent LAWS of the Old World Order ushered in the Confiscatory Land Grabbing of the Old World Kingdoms. Historical Record Reveals that the Occupation of the First Nations for countless Eons Vests in them Possessory Title to ALL the Lands known today as the Americas.
The Birth of the Conservation Con and the Great American Land Grab
Patents and Grants given by those WHO DO NOT HAVE ALLODIAL TITLES to the Land Given creates a VOID Patent and a VOID Grant. The Barristers and Lawyers along with Their Scribes KNOW this is a simple fact, One CAN NOT GIVE what One does not OWN.
There has never been a Grantor alive able to give to a Grantee a more Superior Title than that which the GRANTOR actually POSSESSES. Facts are Stubborn Things.
JBW ….. Son of Swamp Fox 8-8-2016
See Ownership and Title …. Black’s Law Dictionary, Ballentine’s Law Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary, Webster’s Dictionary. Nobody can Convey Title to that which They have NO Title To. The Ancient Occupation of the Americas is an OBVIOUS Possessory Title to the First Nations. JBW
Like IMetals of Paris France ( Rothschilds Whitehall NY ) operating in the Adirondacks with Barton Mining and Pelham and all the others, Finch Pruyn and International Paper , Hochschilds and Rothschilds and Roosevelts, Delanos, Rockefellers, Durants, Peabodies, Pitcarins, Astors, DuPonts , Vanderbilts
The More and More and MoreLAND SCAMS
The CON in Conservation
ROYAL AMERICAN LAND GRABS
Properties of Violence – Google Books Result
… extraction and real property by wealthy European speculators and East Coast … Between 1865 and 1900, 1,500 British companies invested enormous sums in … of the General Land Office, which investigated corruption and land fraud in New …
A Blood Curse Upon the Land
The age OLD Land Grabbing Con …. The Actual Motive Behind AGENDA 21 …. NYS Evcon and DEC What a Racket
Panic of 1796–97 – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1796–9
The Panic of 1796–1797 was a series of downturns in Atlantic credit markets that led to broader commercial downturns in both Great Britain and the United States. In the U.S., problems first emerged when a land speculation bubble burst in 1796. The crisis deepened when the Bank of England suspended specie payments …
Panic of 1837 – Wikipedia
The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession … Speculative lending practices in western states, a sharp decline in cotton … The prices of land, cotton, and slaves rose sharply in these years.
Panic of 1819 – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_181
The Panic of 1819 was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States followed by … As prices soared for agricultural goods, a speculative agrarian land boom ensued in the South and West United States, encouraged by liberal …
Speculation – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculation
Speculation is the purchase of a good with the hope that it will become more valuable at a future date. More formally, speculation is also the practice of engaging in risky financial …. Such financial regulation is often enacted in response to a crisis as was the case with the Bubble Act 1720, which was passed by the British …
1837: The Hard Times – Baker Library – Harvard Business School
http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/crises/1837.html
Most speculation concerned western land opened to settlement after Indian removals, but northeastern … Developments in banking compounded the crisis.
Andrew Jackson, Banks, and the Panic of 1837 – The Lehrman Institute
The land rush had seen the number of banks grow to more than 1,000, with each … as the Bank’s pressure was intensified by a similar financial crisis in Britain, … wrote: “According to some sources, Jackson made a mint in land speculation, …
Panic of 1819: The First Major U.S. Depression – The Globalist
Feb 10, 2009 – How have past financial crises affected the history of the United States? … tracts of western lands, fueling real estate speculation funded by bank notes. … “The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave” by Jefferson Morley …
The Tumultuous 19th Century – ThinkAdvisor
Jan 1, 2010 – That fueled land speculation, which Jackson tried to curb by issuing … 18, 1873 with the collapse of Philadelphia financial firm Jay Cooke & Co.
Disasters, Accidents, and Crises in American History: A Reference …
To stop land speculation, he issued the “Specie Circular” in 1836, which specified that purchases of public land had to be paid with specie, not bank notes.
The 100 Most Important American Financial Crises: An Encyclopedia of …
Credit tightened throughout the nation as banks attempted to reduce their exposure to speculative land purchases. The firm of Robert Morris and John Nicholson …
The Reality of the Land Grabbing
The real Savages came from Europe and the Far East, Middle East to the Americas ….. Who is the Savage ?
Custom Policy and Practice an Organized Crime
STEALING LAND a National Custom Policy and Practice ……. UNCLE SAM’S Real Estate Scams …… http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Indian+Land+Thefts++Broken+Treaties+&FORM=HDRSC3
The Vast Land and Banking Swindles in America are LEGENDARY
http://ricorealtythelootedtrillions.blogspot.com/
A NATIONAL DISGRACE
Land Grab America ….
The Banksters Brood Government Gone Wild
The Great American Land Rape …. WE ALWAYS GET IT CHEAP …. The American Way https://vimeo.com/156708505 make sure to visit https://theadirondacksconspiracy.wordpress.com/2015/08/10/the-poisoning-of-lake-champlain-500-tons-daily-for-decades/
TURTLE ISLAND RAPED
FACTS are STUBBORN THINGS
The Royal Swindles …… The Albany Corporation and the Great Gold Digger / the Great Prospector Ver Plank Colvin SWINDLE
The Good Old Albany Corporation, imported from Great Britain mostly ( Son of Swamp Fox Knows ) , This is where the Plans and Foundations of the General Land Office and the Department of the Treasury ( Revenue Collection Service ) were spawn. The many functions of the Revenue Collection of the Newly Formed Confederation of Colonies / States began what We know today as the USA Incorporated with It’s President General ( Commander In Chief ) Funny huh DC would have a President / General known as a Commanding Chief …….. These WIKIMEDIA Notes are used ALBEIT Vetting of the Information is strongly urged. GOOD OLD ALBANY and the ALBANY CONGRESS ……
Yes Albany Targeted My Family for Thier Lands ...... Judson Brown Witham Son of the Swamp Fox a free man ... all rights reserved
Kings and Emperors Pharaohs and Queens
Mining History and the Kings of the Earth
The Good Old PATROONS, ALBANY CORPORATION and YES NYS Gov William Tryon …It’s always been a GIANT LAND GRAB
The EMPIRE
The CONservation CON the FASCIST Communism in New York
The Cushy Cushy Land Swaps and Environmental Land Swindles
BIG MONEY BIG PERKS BIG Politics
Treasure & The Empire ….. From Pharaoh to the BLM. How Agenda 21 Has Turned into a GIANT Heist ……. https://vimeo.com/152856001
US FISH WILDLIFE
THE LAND RUSTLERS
BLM STRIPPED NAKE
AGENDA 21 the ULTIMATE Cash Cow / TAX Scheme EVER
Who owns the land? – North Carolina Digital History – Learn NC
The traditional view of European-Indian land deals is that Europeans tricked the …. In America in the 1600s and 1700s, there was so much open land — and so …
The Lord Proprietors
The Grand Dominion
https://vimeo.com/155204894
Orgies of the Biltmore
Bohemian East
Good Old BILTMORE CASTLE https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=frederick+weyerhaeuser+Gifford+Pinchot
INSIDE JOB America Raped For
TRILLIONS
THE GREAT AMERICAN LAND SWINDLES
As Frederickbegan his lumber career in the mid-fifties, public knowledge of, or interest … under John Muir’sleadership, Gifford Pinchot joined the Biltmore estate …
[PDF]On the taking of Indian lands – National Humanities Center
nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/…/text7/indianlands.pdf
and European Americans, 1707-1765 … through the 1700s, are driven by the less dramatic … leaders – document the loss of Indian land to the colonists,.
The Indians MUST GO
The treaty established terms under which the entire Cherokee Nation ceded its territory in the southeast and agreed to move west to the Indian Territory. Although the treaty was not approved by the Cherokee National Council nor signed by Principal Chief John Ross, it was amended and ratified by the U.S. Senate in March 1836, and became the legal basis for the forcible removal known as the Trail of Tears.
The taking of the land!
The Royals AGAIN
More and More and MoreLAND
The Blue Mountain Mafia
Biltmore Mob
The Zahniser Gang
Oregon Wild – The Conservation AllianceThe Conservation …
Adirondack Council · Alaska Wilderness League · American Rivers · Audubon … Our grant supports Oregon Wild’s Mount Hood Wilderness Campaign to protect …
BILTMORE MAFIA
~Crusher
This breaks down Native history pretty well…https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tEuaj4h8dw
Adirondack Wild: Friends of the Forest Preserve
www.adirondackwild.org/
Adirondack Wild: Friends of the Forest Preserve, Inc. is a non-profit organization created to encourage environmental stewardship and preservation of the …
The Rise Of Global Governance -2
… to which its Director, Howard Zahniser had devoted five years of constant lobbying. …. Another tell-tale characteristic of socialist/communist philosophy is the …
PBS’s The American Experience
https://www.historians.org/…/pbss-the-a..
… author Aldo Leopold, and conservationist Howard Zahniser—resulted in the … This is a film portrait of an American family active in the American Communist …
Born in Gun Fire ……. American Empire Exploiting the People and Land ……. In Honor of TARPMAN ……..
AMERCA’S OLIGARCHS
THE EMPERORS OF AMERICA
What is going to happen to the home/landowners who choose NOT to sell to the Federal Gov’t?? What level of harassment will they be forced to endure?? MORE AND MORE AND MORELAND
Direct links to more resources:
● 2-page Highlights of the proposal (PDF-1.16MB)
● Proposed Refuge Acquisition Focus Area maps
● Frequently Asked Questions about Refuge land acquisition (PDF-665KB)
● Media releases
o Connecticut
o Maine
o Massachusetts
o New Hampshire
o New York
o Rhode Island
Dominion Empire and the search for treasure
By the Book
https://archive.org/details/americanhistory03sempgoog Ellen Churchill Semple
The Crimes are Systemic
and Vastly Widespread
The Hard and Plain Truths are RIGHT HERE …… The History Lesson is Free
YUP School is In Session …….. https://www.facebook.com/groups/1065967200090101/?fref=nf
Indian Land Thefts, Homesteading Fraud, Empirical ROYAL Extraction of Natural Resources, Bank Looting, Government Corruption and Misprision of Felonies …… The Looting Of Nations
Carnagie, du Pont, Astors, Roosevelts, Hochschilds, Rothschilds, Morgans, Werhauser, Colchesters, Rockefellers, etc etc et al
The Zahniser Gang
AMERICAN OLIGARCHS the Land Rustlers
the VAST Mineral Wealth of New ENGLAND is the MOTIVE
https://vimeo.com/151909552 Remember Folks there exists GARGANTUAN amounts of PROOF ……. http://ricorealtythelootedtrillions.blogspot.com/
https://vimeo.com/151909552
Law of the Sea / Admilatry Law
United Nations Treaties Yes Yes Yes
Here’s what USA Inc BLM is really after ……..
The MASSIVE Land and Financial CONFISCATIONS in America did NOT start in the West but rather in the EAST and have been ongoing Long Long Long before RANCHERS were invented. The facts associated with People being killed for land started long before Robert LaVoy Finicum, the Bundys and Hammons were even born. TRILLIONS have been stolen and My facts are backed up with COPIAS Historical Records.
Obama Admin Takes power over Private Land: Claims all Nation’s Waterways; Creeks, Wetlands,…
HAMMOND’s Ranch may be worth TRILLIONS
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Agenda 21 population control map for USA
Agenda 21 is an action plan of the United Nations related to “sustainable development” and was an
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The Adirondack Mafia ( The Family )
Blue Mountain Center, Wild Center, Adirondack Museum Hochschild, Rothschild, Pinochs, Shaefer, Apperson, Langmuire, Rockefellers, Bartletts, DeSantis, Stewart, Bauer, Cuomo, Halls , Lake George Association, and many many others ……. The Biltmore More and More Land Plan
Appalachia – new PBS series on April 13th, 9 PM
blogs.wvgazettemail.com/…/03/…/appalachia-new-pbs-series-on-april-9t…
Gifford Pinchot – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pinchot coined the term conservation ethic as applied to natural resources. … of American forestry”) and founder of the Biltmore Forest School on Biltmore Estate.
Roosevelt & Pinchot 1902
Lake George is 8 feet higher Gifford Pinchot Explains
YUP the Good Old British and SKULL and BONES ….. The BROOD …… The Pinchots made a great fortune from lumbering and land speculation …… Family financial affairs were managed by brother Amos Pinchot, thus freeing Gifford to do the more important work of developing forest management concepts. Unlike some others in the forestry movement, Gifford’s wealth allowed him to singly pursue this goal without worry of income. …….. Gifford Pinchot was …born August 11, 1865, to Episcopalian parents in Simsbury, Connecticut,[5] the son of James W. Pinchot, a successful New York City wallpaper merchant and Mary Eno, daughter of one of New York City’s wealthiest real estate developers, Amos Eno. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and in 1889, Yale University,[6] where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He had a brother Amos Pinchot and a sister Antoinette (who married the diplomat Alan Johnstone).Pinchot’s approach set him apart from the other leading forestry experts, especially Bernhard E. Fernow and Carl A. Schenck. Fernow had been Pinchot’s predecessor in the United States Department of Agriculture’s Division of Forestry before leaving in 1898 to become the first Dean of the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell. Schenck was Pinchot’s successor at the Biltmore Estate (widely recognized as the “cradle of American forestry”) and founder of the Biltmore Forest School on Biltmore Estate. Their schools largely reflected their approaches to introducing forestry in the United States: Fernow advocated a regional approach and Schenck a private enterprise effort in contrast to Pinchot’s national vision.[8]
He’s Pointing at Biltmore Manson
Perhaps, the men who had the most influence on his development as a forester were Sir Dietrich Brandis, who had brought forestry to the British Empire, and Sir Wilhelm Schlich, Brandis’ successor. Pinchot relied heavily upon Brandis’ advice for introducing professional forest management in the U.S. and on how to structure the Forest Service when Pinchot established it in 1905.[9]
The Rockefeller Syndicate by Eustace Mullins. – Whale
Similarly, the Rockefeller Syndicate operates under clearly defined spheres of …. It is more than likely that it was this quality which persuaded the Rothschilds to ….. Dean became director of their family foundation, the Hochschild Foundation.
The Conspiracy That Will Not Die: How the Rothschild Cabal …
How the Rothschild Cabal Is Driving America Into One World Government Sr. Robert Gates … Dean was also a director of Rockefeller’s American Ag & Chem Company. … As attorney for the wealthy Hochschild family, who owned Climax …
America Looted For Trillions
More and More and More and MoreLAND Mafia ……. The ALBANY CESSPOOL …….. https://vimeo.com/146550014
BEND OVER NEW YORK ……. You are SLAVES ……. https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/publications/orpts/taxation_state_owned_land_ny.pdf
I learned a few things during all those Back Country Walk Abouts ……. The Adirondacks teach many things.
BE DISTRACTED ……. BE VERY DISTRACTED ……… https://vimeo.com/147949445
The Wildcatting has been go CENTURIES
Verplank Colvin and His Daddy the PATROON Corporate Lawyers of ALBANY COUNTY …… what a GIANT Swindle and CON …… The Great PROSPECTOR
History of Albany, New York (1664–1784) – Wikipedia, the …
https://en.wikipedia.org/…/History_of_Albany,_New_York_(1…
Province of New York – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In addition, as there was no fixed western border to the colony (a sea-to-sea grant), Albany County technically extended to the Pacific Ocean. Most of this land, …
FIRST REMOVE THE NATIVES
Indian Removal | The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American …
https://www.gilderlehrman….
In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the President to negotiate … The Oneidas from New York and the Stockbridge people from …
Have you seen any low-flying planes in Essex or Clinton counties lately? Geologists have been searching for rare earth minerals in the Adirondacks!
Target The Land Stalk the Land Owner AMERICA EXTRACTED
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Aeromagnetic survey – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
-
Aerial Magnetic, Electromagnetic, and Gamma-ray Survey …
pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr2002117Aerial Magnetic, Electromagnetic, and Gamma-ray Survey, Berrien County, Michigan Open-File Report 2002-117 By: Joseph S. Duval, Herbert A. Pierce …
-
Outside The Interzone: USGS Aerial Magnetic Survey
outsidetheinterzone.blogspot.com/…/usgs-aerial-magnetic-survey.html- BY LOCKWOOD
- PUBLISHED JUN 23, 2010
USGS Aerial Magnetic Survey. I received what struck me as very rapid, polite and helpful responses from several people regarding my post yesterday, …
OH and don’t forget the COMMUNISM of AGENDA 21 ……… Read’em and Weep CUOMO ………. http://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/story/30240/20151130/the-man-who-wrote-the-adirondack-park-s-rules-thinks-ny-is-breaking-them
FACT IS NYS Government is CORRUPT CORRUPT CORRUPT and run by CRIMINALS at nearly every level. The SECRET Records at DEC and the Land Swindling Crimes associated with the MASSIVE Land Use Controls and Planning and Zoning of the DEC / EVCON are nothing short of STAZI and COMMUNISM. The Socialism of the Vast Land Controls and Agenda 21 Permeates New York as so called WILDERNESS PROTECTION and ENVIRONMENTALISM tramples Private Property Rights. DEC attacked Me and Physically Assau…lted Me …… Ripping From My Hands the TWO LARGE SECRET INVESTIGATIONS FILES on My Parents Anita and Clifford Witham. NYS was involved in WIPING OUT Our Marina Docks for several Years in a row and then BOUGHT THE 550 Acres or so for $10 Ten Dollars from Robert Stewart and Richard Bartlett THE TOP COURT JUDGE for NYS. Schneiderman and Cuomo and DEC Produce The Records STOP Secreting The Records ……. STOP BREAKING THE LAW.
Please Share and Repost …………. Land Grabs Financial Lootings and Abusive Government …… The Missing Trillions ……..
Patents, Grants, Patroons and Tennant In Chiefs the American Dream a Giant Scam
America You Have Been HAD ………. https://vimeo.com/147244690
FACTS are Stubborn Things
Lake George Warriors KICK ASS ……….. KINGS COUNTY , WALL STREET …….. ANDY and ERIC’s ORGY Buddies …….. The HOs of the PUKES of Albany ……
Volumes II and III are at the Publishers …….. The Royals are TOAST
George Washington’s Speculator Whores
The Great America Swindle
In Honor Of My Parents
Mr. Clifford B. Witham II Mrs. Anita Farmilo Witham
In Honor Of Mother and Dad
This man has invaluable information regarding what has been going on with land.
This man has invaluable information regarding what has been going on with land for many many Years
America Land Grab
The ENVIRONMENTAL LAND THEFTS
The Banksters and Oligarchs
of the Environmental Hustle REVEALLED
A Vast Financial Racket
Just Another Wall Street Heist
From the very start WASHINGTON’s
Land Speculation MOBSTERS
WASHINGTON’S SPECULATING WHORE BUDDIES
Welcome to NEW York NEW England
America Land Speculation
America Land Swindles
I’ve fought and fought and fought long and hard …… This is the beginning of the EXTREMELY DEEP RABBIT HOLE …….
Funny Glens Falls Schools ( INDIANS )
and Lake George Central ( WARRIORS )
They never taught Us much of the TRUTH
Lots of Fluoride and Metals in the Vaccines Though
Brainwashing and Indoctrination and Private Corporations
Go Figure Right
The Facts are really rather SHOCKING
For TRILLIONS of Reasons
Planetary Land Grabs …. a REALITY
The Swamp bears many secrets
HUMAN FARMING FROM THE VERY START
JUST an Example of the reception the Books are getting …… Without Indentures: White Slave Children in Colonial Court …
statelibrarync.org/ne…/2013/…/without-indentures-white-slave…
…
… from the State Library of North Carolina. … White Slave Children in Colonial Court Records (review) … the core of Without Indentures: …
WARRIOR SPIRIT …. WARRIOR HEART
The Royal Set Up STACKING The Deck
First They Decided Which Forest To Cut
TREES = NAVAL POWER
America was full of TREES ( The Kings Trees )
INTERNATIONAL PAPER / BRITAIN
DEDICATED TO THE MILL POND PIN HOLE MAFIA
The Biggest Dump ever taken ……… The Poop Chute River https://vimeo.com/140236505 A Monument to Andrew Cuomo and Eric Schneiderman and Lake George NY
AND Lake George’s Millionaires Row
TIMES UNION EDITORIAL BOARD: “We can’t recall anyone ever faulting Governor Andrew Cuomo for being too nice. But for once, we’re wishing he’d play a little hardball when it comes to General Electric Co. and its cleanup of PCBs from the #HudsonRiver.
That cleaning isn’t done, not by several miles. But you wouldn’t know it from the governor’s silence.”
FACT IS ALBANY and KINGS COUNTY and WASH DC are all
THE REASON THEY FELLED THE TIMBER
WAS ALWAYS THEIR EXPLOITATIONS
A Royal GLOBAL Crime Spree <—-<<<
THE TIMBER AND MINING COMPANIES EXPOSED IN OKLAHOMA
Chickasaw-Choctaw Claims Against United States …
A Thesis was written and researched by Richard Hayes Phillips. … the vast Choctaw–Chickasaw jointly held timberlands in southeastern Oklahoma had …. of unallotted jointly held Choctaw–Chickasaw lands to approximately 1.3 million acres.
Alaska Inter-Tribal Council
George Washington and Martha the MASSIVE CON
Gaming and Playing the Public for the HUGE BUCK$
PLAY VERY CLOSE ATTENTION
THE GREAT AMERICAN LAND SWINDLES
America Looted again and again and again and again and AGAIN
The Adirondack Park is INDIAN LAND STOLEN
NOTE THE INDIAN RESERVES
https://www.facebook.com/Without-Indentures-a…/timeline/
Truth Prevails on the Warrior Trail
US Should Return Stolen Land to Indian Tribes, Says United …
http://www.amren.com/news/…/us-should-return-stolen–l…
May 8, 2012 – In Western NY, there’s an Indian leader known as Smoking Joe. His reservation gets plenty of tax dollars and uses government services.
American Indian Land Cessions in Georgia
http://www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com/ang/Land_Cessions
Chronology of American Indian Land Cessions in Georgia by the Creek and Cherokee … land from the Altamaha to the Oconee in The Treaty of New York, signed by … man with $4.00 could enter a lottery for land stolen from Native Americans.
A Map of Destruction: How Europeans Stole Native Land …
Nov 22, 2012 – A shocking look at the theft of Native American Land. … Pingback: A Letter to Friends Marching in New York | Why Not Be Utterly Changed Into …
NOTE THE INDIAN LAND STOLEN
NYS DEC and the ADIRONDACKS COUNSEL Are Con Men
Cuomo and Schneiderman YOU ARE CALLED OUT with DEC
Watch How The US Stole Land From Native Americans – Co …
http://www.fastcodesign.com › Co.Design › Infographic of the Day
Jan 9, 2015 – Watch How The U.S. Stole Land From Native Americans … location or any Native American nation, such as Cherokee or Sioux, to see the land …
US should return stolen land to Indian tribes, says United …
http://www.theguardian.com › US News › US Congres
Cached
May 4, 2012 – A United Nations investigator probing discrimination against Native Americans has called on the US government to return some of the land …
Interactive map: Loss of Indian land – Slate
http://www.slate.com/blogs/…/interactive_map_loss_of_indian_land.htm
Cache
Jun 17, 2014 – Interactive Time-Lapse Map Shows How the U.S. Took More Than … a time-lapse vision of the transfer of Indian land between 1776 and 1887.
Secrets and Lies TONS and TONS of Them
My Buddy …….. Dr. Phillips
For Mother and Dad
The Poisoning of Lake Champlain
DEAR AMERICA …….. WAKE UP TIME
THE REAL REASONS FOR THE PARKS
Hochschilds, Rothschilds, Rockefellers
The Colvins were DIGGERS
The SCRAMBLE FOR THE LOOT …….
An Example of New York State LAND GRABBING
http://www.oneidanation.org/culture/page.aspx?id=2454
SEE ALSO ……. TERMINATION
The Great American Land Thefts
The Rape of North America
NEW YORK MUST RETURN THE STOLEN LAND
GRABS SWINDLES AND FRAUDS
A NEW YORK TRADITION
The Good Old ALBANY CORPORATION
The Advanced AEROSPACE , MEDICAL and EXOCTIC MATERIALS
BATTERIES and other ADVANCED APPLICATIONS of the Minerals and Materials present in the Adirondacks and Catskills ….. Heterogeneous catalysis plays a part in the production of more than 80% of all chemical products The Adirondacks are full of Lanthanides ( Rare Earth Elements ) not to mention all the sediment basins and the Hudson River and Schroon River , Lake Champlain , Lake George and all the Streams and Creeks and Wetlands 🙂 The MINING interests that set up the Adirondacks and Catskill Parks damned certainly knew … HOCHSCHILDS ROTHSCHILDS ROCKEFELLERS the USGS New York State ….. ( Verplank Colvin ) and the Governors from the very start. ….. REVEALING DEC and the NYS Geological Service / Albany / The Governors and Attorney Generals have been making some very DUBIOUS DEALS like Mining and Land Swapping ……. And TARGETING Certain Land Owners within the Blue Lines ….. like MY PARENTS ( Dad’s Blackened Drink at our Marina Bar and the US Navy Dive Team BLUE Life Boat Research Team 1965 – 1968 )
On a NANO SCALE what are those Mining Rights worth again ???
The Grand Inquiry ( New YORK’s Inquisition )
The Great Inventorying …
The SEARCH FOR TREASURE
The Obama administration has granted Royal Dutch Shell final approval to resume drilling for oil and gas in the Arctic Ocean for the first time since 2012 despite widespread protests from environmental groups.
The SMOKIES are full of TREASURE and IP 🙂
Let Us NOT Forget the Blues and Smokies
North Carolina History Project : Carolina Charter of 1663
In 1584 Queen Elizabeth I issued a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a … of them with a grant of land that included what is now North and South Carolina.
NOR Shall We forget the POCONOS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania
The name Pennsylvania, which translates roughly as “Penn’s Woods”,[1] was created by combining the Penn surname (in honor of William’s father, Admiral Sir William Penn) with the Latin word sylvania, meaning “forest land.” The Province of Pennsylvania was one of the two major restoration colonies, the other being the Province of Carolina.
And NEW Hampshire’s
The CorpORape of New Hampshire
Giant White Mountains
New Hampshire Grants – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Grants
Wikipedia
AND YES EVEN THE GREENS
The New Hampshire Grants – Vermont Historical Society
https://vermonthistory.org/…/the-new–hampsh..
Why was Vermont called the New Hampshire Grants? How did the English colonies divide the land?
New Hampshire Grants – Britannica.com
http://www.britannica.com/…/New–Hampshire–Gran
The area was initially claimed by New Hampshire, and the first land grant there was issued in 1749 by the first governor of New Hampshire, Benning Wentworth.
Chapter I < The Story of Ethan Allen (1738-1789 …
http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/…/chapter-i.php
As governor of New Hampshire from 1741 to 1766, Benning Wentworth was an … All New Hampshire land grants in the Green Mountains had just become null …
APPALACHIA and Georgia and YES Even Florida,
Tennessee. Ohio and Kentucky
AND OF COURSE NEW Jersey
and certainly MARYLAND
[PDF]private business corporations would have an increasing …
“vagabonds” delivered whole families into forced labor in the cities and … the Massachusetts Bay Company, the Virginia Company, The Calvert family‟s … A modern American corporate municipality or municipal corporation is not simply.
YOU HAVE BEEN HAD AMERICA
The rights of property form the invisible link between the British crown‟s claim of supremacy over the people living in American communities, and the US Supreme Court‟s eventual claim that state legislatures maintain supremacy over the people living in American communities. John Dillon‟s 1868 dictum, which would become known as “Dillon‟s Rule,” claimed, “Authority denies…any inherent right of local self-government.” The eventual embrace of this notion by the US Supreme Court in 1907 finalized the American counter-revolution by asserting that in the states the legislatures are sovereign, and not the People.
For the People to create the legislature and then subordinate themselves to it contradicts the principle espoused in the Declaration of Independence which says “to secure…Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed.” It would be the height of folly for people to establish governments that deprive rights. But according to Dillon‟s Rule, unless the state expressly confers the authority for a community to exercise a right to self-governance, we are to believe that the right does not exist. State legislatures and courts have routinely denied a right to local self-government, thereby codifying a ludicrous tyranny as “well settled law.”
Lawmakers and judges have employed a similar reversal of logic in subordinating communities of people to the corporate creations of state legislatures.
A modern American corporate municipality or municipal corporation is not simply an epiphenomenona of English colonial governance. It is also a corruption of American Revolutionary principles. A central project of the American Revolution was to subordinate private corporations and privilege to the sovereignty of the People. One of the lessons learned by the people, as they watched the sovereign crown eliminate local assemblies, was that in the aftermath of the Revolution they would have to safeguard their assemblies as organs of community self-governance. Ben Price
The Corporations Never Left
They Are Cleaning Up Alright $$$
ALL ON THE TAXPAYER$ NICKLE 🙂
$uper Bucks from $uperfunds BROWNFIELD Bucks
The Giant Timber Companies and
Land Grant / Patent Thefts ……. An American Crime Wave
FOLLOW THE CORPORATIONS AND LAND GRANTS
AND SO BEGINS The Vast
American Crime Spree
His Majesty’s Forests of NEW ENGLAND
Fox’s Family were in the Lumber Business Imagine That
Contested Terrain: A New History of Nature and People in …
In 1813, Norman and Alanson Fox floated logs down the Schroon and Hudson rivers from the Brant Lake tract in Essex County to Glens Falls. Before then logs …
Surveying, Mapping and Assessing the Vast Adirondacks and Catskills TREASURES
From the very start
NYCO IS IMetal IS ROTHSCHILD
So what is the ACTUAL Value of IMetals MINING in the Adirondack Park ?????? NYCO the ROBBERY ……… aerospace CaSiO3 http://www.bing.com/search?q=aerospace++CaSiO3&qs=n&form=QBLH&pq=aerospace+casio3&sc=0-0&sp=-1&sk=&cvid=68383838184144a3abf3c9e1f6114d75
What You’re NOT being told about Wollastonite is it’s ACTUAL VALUE and High Tech Applications …… PRESS For The ACTUAL DETAILS this goes for GARNET as well and that MONAZITE that occurs with Garnet …….. The Champlain and Hudson Valleys are FULL of MONAZITE ( Thorium ) Remember the RADIOACTIVE SARATOGA VISHEY WATER ????
MONAZITE SAND is worth $10 a Gram 🙂
The Sand is in the Champlain
and Hudson Valleys
EPA’s Map of Radon Zones: New York
The Hudson Highlands are high in radon potential because of the … gneiss with local xenotime and monazite … Champlain Valley was occupied at …
BREAKING ……… POT HITS The Park
WOW now this is MINING for GREEN ( Peckham Mining )
POT Hits the Adirondack Park …….. Good Old Chestertown LOL ……. SMOKE’EM and Don’t BOGART ………. Peckham POT …….. CHESTERTOWN ………… The documents related to the correspondence of William H. Peckham, Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Grand Council, Scottish Rite (Cerneau), were presented to the library by M\W\ Gary A. Henningsen, Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of New York, in the fall of 1996. They were found in the office of the Grand Secretary of New York, and represent several years of correspondence directed to William H. Peckham, who was Sovereign Grand Commander of a Scottish Rite organization from 1880-1889. Peckham’s group was one of several minor, schismatic groups that historically have been described as spurious by other organizations which sought to force them out of business.
It PAYS to be CONNECTED
The More and More and MoreLAND …… CABAL
THE NYS DEC’s Very Powerful Friends
NYCO and NYS DEC are SLEEPING WITH ……… http://www.bing.com/search?q=imetal%20rothschild%20%20%20Natural%20%20Resources%20&qs=n&form=QBRE&pq=imetal%20rothschild%20natural%20resources%20&sc=0-17&sp=-1&sk=&cvid=90c6acd5665344e782f363da2c38a511
Complaint: DEC Illegally Lobbied For Company Mining Wilderness Area by Editorial Staff – See more at: http://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2015/08/complaint-dec-illegally-lobbied-for-company-mining-wilderness-area.html#comment-1259836
GUESS WHO OWNS NYCO MINING ……
The Pukes of New YORK are BUSTED
Dear Phreet Baraha INDICT Eric ( The Silent ) Schneiderman
ERIC SCHNEIDERMAN Come On Down
Building Ships to cross the Atlantic
ROYAL CORPORATE SCHEMES
It has always been the BUSINESS MODEL ….. Author
You Have Been PUNKED Totally Flim Flammed
The ROYALS Have Never Left – AGENDA 21
Sponsored by the NEW York Fed
GOOD OLD KING GEORGE ….WASHINGTON
The Yazoo land fraud in Bourbon County, Georgia is one of the most notorious incidents of our early Republic. In January 1795 the state sold 35 million acres to four land companies for less than 1½¢ an acre. This was the result of bribery arranged by James Wilson – whom George Washington subsequently rewarded by naming him to the Supreme Court. (Moral: Crime pays.) To add insult to injury, the state was paid in depreciated currency, the “continentals.” So great was the outcry that a new state legislature was elected, and revoked the sale in February 1796, accusing its beneficiaries of “improper influence.”
But a month before this new legislature was convened, one of the companies (the Georgia Mississippi Land Company) sold over 10 million acres, nominally at 10¢ cents an acre, to the New England Mississippi Land Company, which was quickly organized for just this purpose by some eminent Bostonian speculators, headed by William Wetmore. Only part of the money actually was paid in cash, and the transaction was largely a paper one. The company quickly hired agents to began selling shares to the public. Widespread speculation ensued in many states, each new investor becoming a partisan urging the national and state governments go along with the original fraud.
New fraudsters jumped on board. Patrick Henry (“Give me liberty, or give me death”) headed up the Virginia Yazoo Company, which made a deal with Virginia Governor Telfair to buy twenty million acres of land at a penny an acre – paid for with the worthless continentals. The public was furious, but the “free marketers” of the day asked, what was wealth, anyway, but a reward for risk-taking.
After the Yazoo land was turned over to the federal government in 1803, a series of Congressional investigations reported that the Boston company actually had paid little if any of the purchase price. (This is now called debt leveraging.) But the company sued, and lobbied Congress for over a decade to get compensation for its paper losses – that is, its lost opportunity to profit from the transaction. In 1814, in the turbulent aftermath of the War of 1812, Congress passed an indemnification act compensating them and other Yazoo investors with $8 million of public funds.[1]
This settlement helped establish a fateful legal precedent known as the doctrine of innocent purchasers possessing certain vested rights. The ruling was steered through the Supreme Court by James Wilson, who in 1782 (along with Robert Morris as the bank’s president, and Gouverneur Morris) had obtained from Pennsylvania’s legislature a charter for the Bank of North America on terms similar to those of the Yazoo land claim.
As Charles Beard has pointed out in his classic Economic Interpretation of the Constitution, James Wilson, the two Morrises, and two other bank directors (Thomas Fitzsimmons and George Clymer) acted as delegates to the Constitutional Convention, where they shaped America’s laws so as to facilitate their de-accessioning of public property and obtained special rights and charters for banks and other monopolies. (The word “privatization” would take nearly two centuries to enter the lexicon.) After the Bank of North America was so mismanaged that a money panic ensued, Pennsylvania revoked it’s charter. Wilson sued, arguing “that the original act was a grant of a VESTED RIGHT. That the charter could not be repealed without ‘IMPAIRING VESTED RIGHTS, and the rights of innocent parties.’ The legislature yielded, and in 1787 it reincorporated the bank. Thus originated the clause that Wilson had inserted in the present constitution forbidding any state to pass legislation impairing the obligation of a contract. And out of it has come Supreme Court decisions that have given this country the blackest record of validated land frauds and bribery known in history,” for it blocked state legislatures and Congress from undoing the results of overt bribery. (The story is told in Thomas L. Brunk, American Lordships, or A Brief Insight into the Suppressed History of Land Sharks and Their Control Over Government and Industry (Sioux City, Iowa, 1927, p. 84).
The Supreme Court had ruled (in response to John Marshall’s pleading the Fairfax land-fraud case in Virginia) that what mattered was not the methods used to obtain a grant or contract, but the fact that innocent purchasers would be injured by repealing such contracts once they had been entered into (Chandler 1945:74,390). Even outright frauds were held irrevocable by subsequent legislation, on the ground that once a business claim was sold to an innocent purchaser, undoing the deal would be unfair. The unwitting buyer would be left holding the proverbial bag. Myers (1936:217) finds this to be “the first of a long line of court decisions validating grants and franchises of all kinds secured by bribery and fraud.”
The new doctrine provided a motive for privatizers to cash in quickly by selling out shares of fraudulent transactions to speculators and other buyers, who could then ask the state to “make them whole” for having injured them in revoking their wrongful purchase! Likewise today, polluters and real-estate holders are suing the government to be compensated for public laws that prevent them from making money by violating ecological and other real-estate regulations. Their demand is to be made whole for gains they allegedly would have been able to make had such public laws not been passed!
The “innocent purchaser” and “vested interest” doctrines made it hard to undo fraud, if only because the alternative was to restore the misappropriated asset from the stock-buying public to the state. The Supreme Court ruled it preferable to let the first thief legitimize his fraud, leaving the “innocent buyers” in possession of the stolen property. Possession became, ipso facto, nine-tenths of the law. The moral of this story was that once you obtain public assets, even through bribery, it is yours, at least if you make the transaction complicated enough and involve enough “innocent parties” to make any restoration of the status quo ante hopelessly complicated.
The Yazoo incident is only exceptional for its size and the fact that it became a precedent for future practices. In 1835 the Senate Committee on Lands reported: “The first step necessary to the success of every scheme of speculation in the public lands, is to corrupt the land officers, by a secret understanding between the parties that they are to receive a certain portion of the profits.”[2]
Sixty years later, in 1895, Iowa’s Governor William Larrabee wrote on how the system had been perfected (largely by the railroad robber barons): “Outright bribery is probably the means least often employed by corporations to carry their measures. … It is the policy of the political corruption committees of corporations to ascertain the weakness and wants of every man whose services they are likely to need, and to attack him, if his surrender should be essential to their victory, at his weakest point. Men with political ambition are encouraged to aspire to preferment, and are assured of corporate support to bring it about. Briefless lawyers are promised corporate business or salaried attorneyships. Those in financial straits are accommodated with loans. Vain men are flattered and given newspaper notoriety. Others are given passes for their families and their friends. Shippers are given advantage in rates over their competitors. The idea is that every legislator shall receive for is vote and influence some compensation which combines the maximum of desirability to him with the minimum of violence to his self-respect. … The lobby which represents the railroad companies at legislative sessions is usually the largest, the most sagacious and the most unscrupulous of all. … Telegrams pour in upon the unsuspecting members. … Another powerful reinforcement of the railroad lobby is not infrequently a subsidized press and its correspondents.”
Gustavus Myers’ History of the Great American Fortunes (1936, pp. 218ff.) gives the details of this and other frauds that have shaped American history. The moral is that great gifts to insiders have effects that will last centuries. That is what is being threatened today with Mr. Paulson’s “clean” giveaway to his Wall Street clients.
The moral is that there is a great danger in having a Treasury Secretary represent insider financial interests rather than the national interest.
NOTES
[1] Myers History of the Great American Fortunes (New York 1936):216ff. and 1912:181-84, 258-64, Brunk 1927:147f., and Chandler 1945:388f., drawing on Senate Docs., 18th Cong., 2nd Sess., Vol. II, Doc. No. 14, and Sen. Docs., 24th Cong., 1836-37, Vol. II, Doc. No. 212, and Wheaton’s Reports, Supreme Court, IV, 255). See also Albert James Pickett, History of Alabama (to 1851), (Sheffield: 1896).
[2] Senate Docs., 23rd Cong., 2nd Sess. IV, Doc. No. 151 (March 3, 1835), cited in Myers 1936:218.
Mapping the Treasure ….. Cataloging the Loot
Old King Cole was a Slippery Old Soul
as were James A and Verplank Colvin …
The Adirondack Survey may be the most unusual mapping activity ever funded by New York State. It was basically the creation of Verplanck Colvin (1847-1920), an Albany patrician, who began his career as an attorney in his father’s law office.
The DUKE of Col Chester ( COLVIN )
The ALBANY CORPORATION the source of the ROT
see NY Land Grants, Patents, Manors and Purchases
Complaint: DEC Illegally Lobbied For Company Mining Wilderness Area by Editorial Staff – See more at: http://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2015/08/complaint-dec-illegally-lobbied-for-company-mining-wilderness-area.html#comment-1259836
GUESS WHO OWNS NYCO MINING ……
SEE IMetal They own NYCO ……. http://www.bing.com/search?q=imetal+rothschild&qs=n&form=QBLH&pq=imetal+rothschild&sc=0-0&sp=-1&sk=&cvid=e0003a324c6a4c298b85da9b317023e6
The Environmental Gangsters and Banksters
RCF to buy NYCO
By
Published: Thursday, 26 April 2007
24 April 2007
Fording Coal sale of US wollastonite major to private equity fund group nears closure
Following our report in March on the sale of wollastonite leader NYCO Minerals Inc., IM can reveal that the new owner and operator of the company is to be Rolling Rock Minerals Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Resource Capital Funds IV LP (RCF). On 9 February 2007, NYCO’s parent Fording…
Chevron Resource Capital Funds ( Hochschilds and Rockefellers and Da BOIZ )
THE PLOT THICKENS
http://www.bing.com/search?q=Kyriacopoulos+family++Rh%C3%B4ne+Capital++&qs=n&form=QBLH&pq=kyriacopoulos+family+rh%C3%B4ne+capital+&sc=0-0&sp=-1&sk=&cvid=082ecf78485440d9aafe4110b7c3d5e3
WOW NYCO IS A PING PONG BALL …… See IMERYS FRANCE
imetal rothschild Natural Resources
The Company was founded in 1880 and for many years was known as Imetal.[1] It was founded by the Rothschild family, combining a few of their many subsidiaries in the metals and mining industries.[2]
EXACTLY AS I HAVE BEEN SAYING ……….. NYCO hello …….. The Money Man Behind America’s Rare Earth … – Forbes
http://www.forbes.com/…/the-money-man-behind-americas-rare…/
Forbes
Oct 18, 2010 – Ross Bhappu has led Resource Capital Funds’ investment in Molycorp, the nation’s best hope for a domestic rare earth elements supplier.
The Rockefeller Syndicate – mega.nu
… the Royal Institute of International Affairs, … The Rockefeller family themselves, … As attorney for the wealthy Hochschild family, …
…..
I.G. Farben soon had a net worth of six billion marks, controlling some five hundred firms. Its first president was Professor Carl Bosch. During the period of the Weimar Republic, I.G. officials, seeing the handwriting on the wall, began a close association with Adolf Hitler, supplying much needed funds and political influence. The success of the I.G. Farben cartel had aroused the interest of other industrialists. Henry Ford was favorably impressed and set up a German branch of Ford Motor Company. Forty per cent of the stock was purchased by I.G. Farben. I.G. Farben then established an American subsidiary, called American I.G., in cooperation with Standard Oil of New Jersey . Its directors included Walter Teagle, president of Standard Oil, Paul Warburg of Kuhn Loeb & Company and Edsel Ford, representing the Ford interests. John Foster Dulles, for the law firm, Sullivan and Cromwell, became the attorney for I.G., frequently traveling between New York and Berlin on cartel business. His law partner, Arthur Dean, is now director of the $40 million Teagle Foundation which was set up before Teagle’s death. Like other fortunes it had become part of the network. Like John Foster Dulles, Arthur Dean has been a director of American Banknote for many years; this is the firm which supplies the paper for our dollar bills. Dean also has been an active behind the scenes government negotiator, serving as arms negotiator at disarmament conferences. Dean was also a director of Rockefeller’s American Ag & Chem Company. He was a director of American Solvay, American Metal and other firms. As attorney for the wealthy Hochschild family, who owned Climax Molybdenum and American Metal, Dean became director of their family foundation, the Hochschild Foundation. Dean is director emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Asia Foundation, International House, Carnegie Foundation, and the Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
In 1930, Standard Oil announced that it had purchased an alcohol monopoly in Germany, a deal which had been set up by I.G. Farben. After Hitler came to power, John D. Rockefeller assigned his personal press agent, Ivy Lee, to Hitler to serve as a full-time adviser on the rearmament of Germany, a necessary step for setting up World War II. Standard Oil then built large refineries in Germany for the Nazis and continued to supply them with oil during World War II. In the 1930s Standard Oil was receiving in payment from Germany large shipments of musical instruments and ships which had been built in German yards.
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Independent Media Center | www.indymedia.org | ((( i )))
… Mobil, Texaco, Chevron, BP, Royal Dutch/Shell and … which is comprised of Saudi royal family … During WWII the Rockefeller family controlled 20.2% …
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The Rockefeller Bloodline – ISRAEL ELECT
israelect.com/reference/WillieMartin/Rockefeller.htmRockefeller family was cited as “proof” that such a struggle was … As attorney for the wealthy Hochschild family, … a member of the British royal family,
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BDTN Breaking Down The News : The Rockefeller family …
breakingdownthnews.blogspot.com/2014/06/the-rockefeller-family…Jun 03, 2014 · … Homosexuality Syria China Monsanto UFO royal family CIA FEMA camps FEMA Weather Zionism GMO … Chevron, and Exxon/Mobil. “ … Rockefeller family …
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Royal Dutch Shell – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_OilThrough most of Shell‘s history, the Shell Oil Company business in the United States was substantially independent with … with projects that involve Chevron Corp …
- History ·
- Corporate affairs ·
- Operations ·
- Africa ·
- Asia ·
- Europe
The primary role of the royal government in matters of land policy was granting new estates. The English adopted some of the Dutch practices for granting land, such as requiring that it be purchased in advance from the Indians. The general procedure for obtaining a land grant remained much the same throughout the British colonial period. In theory, a land patent could be obtained by following these steps:[4]
First, petition the Governor in Council for permission to purchase land from Indians. Pay fees.
Second, purchase land from Indians (a representative of the state was supposed to be present.) Pay another fee.
Third, obtain a warrant from governor directing that a survey be made (fee again). Make the survey, and pay more fees.
Fourth, obtain another warrant from governor directing the attorney general to prepare draft of patent. Pay another fee.
Predictably, things rarely worked out so neatly. To begin with, the requirement to purchase the land from the Indians was frequently ignored, or else the purchase was carried out by fraud, or it may have been disputed by different groups of Indians. The boundaries of purchases were often so vaguely defined that nobody knew what they were. In some cases, newly granted estates had already been sold to somebody else. Or else they may have been in an area under dispute by two colonies. Sometimes no survey was made—or it was incomprehensible. On many occasions, the necessary fees were not paid. Most early land titles had several of these flaws. See Chapter 5 Property and Boundary Mapping Colonial NY David Yehling Allen
Nonetheless, granting land could be lucrative for the governor and other royal officials. It was also a way to buy or reward political allies. In theory, land was also a continuing source of income for the crown and its servants. After purchasing land, owners were expected to pay an annual “quit rent.”[5] Although quit rents were in part a symbol of feudal subordination, they were mainly a kind of land tax, and a potential source of income for the provincial government. The quit rent was fixed under the so-called “Duke’s Laws” (promulgated by Governor Nicolls in 1665) at 2s.6d annual rent per hundred acres, but this provision was rarely enforced.[6] Actual quit rents were set arbitrarily and at various levels; some huge tracts of land were charged nominal rates, which might be measured in bushels of wheat or animal skins. The most notorious example was the Dellius Patent, in which the minister of the Dutch reformed church at Albany received a grant of 620,000 acres in exchange for a quit-rent of one raccoon skin per year. Quit rents were often ignored and went uncollected for years. The setting and collection of quit rents was a major bone of contention throughout colonial period, and a significant cause of the American Revolution. If properly enforced, the collection of quit rents could have destroyed New York’s large landed estates. Since they could be collected without the approval of the provincial Assembly, they were also a form of “taxation without representation,” which could be used to fund the royal government. As we will see, the efforts of royal officials to assess and collect quit rents were a driving force behind their efforts to draw up accurate property maps.
…. Whatever one’s evaluation of the overall consequences of New York’s land system, it was certainly chaotic, and it opened the door to various problems and abuses. Usually patentees were expected to settle their lands within a specified period of time, or else forfeit their property. This provision was also frequently ignored, and huge tracts of land went both untaxed and uninhabited for decades. Some of these land patents were vacated, but serious abuses continued throughout the colonial period because of a mixture of political opposition, patronage, corruption, and bureaucratic sloth. Land grants offered many opportunities for corruption and for litigation. Surveyors’ commissions, processing fees, and legal fees provided lucre for surveyors, attorneys, and government officials. A number of New York’s colonial governors were impoverished aristocrats sent out to the colonies to recoup their fortunes. It was generally expected that they and other officials would use their offices to make profits required to support the expansive life style of a gentleman, and they found many opportunities to do so in New York’s land system. Most early land titles had several of these flaws. See Chapter 5 Property and Boundary Mapping Colonial NY David Yehling Allen
ALL Royal Land Grants in NEW York / NEW England Honored by Washington
England’s Monarchy and Cronies STILL Own Vast Interests in NEW England / NEW York
JAMES A. COLVIN and the ALBANY Corporation
Verplanck Colvin’s PAPPY
Many European nations chartered corporations to lead colonial ventures, such as the Dutch East India Company (VOC) or the Hudson’s Bay Company. These chartered companies became the progenitors of the modern corporation. Acting under a charter sanctioned by the Dutch government, the Dutch East India Company defeated Portuguese forces and established itself in the Moluccan Islands in order to profit from the European demand for spices. Investors in the VOC were issued paper certificates as proof of share ownership, and were able to trade their shares on the original Amsterdam Stock Exchange. Shareholders are also explicitly granted limited liability in the company’s royal charter.[11]
In England, the government created corporations under a Royal Charter or an Act of Parliament with the grant of a monopoly over a specified territory. The best known example, established in 1600, was the East India Company of London. Queen Elizabeth I granted it the exclusive right to trade with all countries to the east of the Cape of Good Hope. Some corporations at this time would act on the government’s behalf, bringing in revenue from its exploits abroad. Subsequently the Company became increasingly integrated with English and later British military and colonial policy, just as most corporations were essentially dependent on the Royal Navy‘s ability to control trade routes.
Labeled by both contemporaries and historians as “the grandest society of merchants in the universe”, the English East India Company would come to symbolize the dazzlingly rich potential of the corporation, as well as new methods of business that could be both brutal and exploitative.[12] On 31 December 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted the company a 15-year monopoly on trade to and from the East Indies and Africa.[13] By 1611, shareholders in the East India Company were earning a return on their investment of almost 150 per cent. Subsequent stock offerings demonstrated just how lucrative the Company had become. Its first stock offering in 1613–1616 raised £418,000, its second in 1617–1622 raised £1.6 million.[14]
Chart of the South Sea Company‘s stock prices. The rapid inflation of the stock value in the 1710s led to the Bubble Act 1720, which restricted the establishment of companies without a Royal Charter.
A similar chartered company, the South Sea Company, was established in 1711 to trade in the Spanish South American colonies, but met with less success. The South Sea Company’s monopoly rights were supposedly backed by the Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713 as a settlement following the War of Spanish Succession, which gave Great Britain an assiento to trade in the region for thirty years. In fact the Spanish remained hostile and let only one ship a year enter. Unaware of the problems, investors in Britain, enticed by extravagant promises of profit from company promoters bought thousands of shares. By 1717, the South Sea Company was so wealthy (still having done no real business) that it assumed the public debt of the British government. This accelerated the inflation of the share price further, as did the Bubble Act 1720, which (possibly with the motive of protecting the South Sea Company from competition) prohibited the establishment of any companies without a Royal Charter. The share price rose so rapidly that people began buying shares merely in order to sell them at a higher price, which in turn led to higher share prices. This was the first speculative bubble the country had seen, but by the end of 1720, the bubble had “burst”, and the share price sank from £1000 to under £100. As bankruptcies and recriminations ricocheted through government and high society, the mood against corporations, and errant directors, was bitter.
In the late 18th century, Stewart Kyd, the author of the first treatise on corporate law in English, defined a corporation as:
a collection of many individuals united into one body, under a special denomination, having perpetual succession under an artificial form, and vested, by policy of the law, with the capacity of acting, in several respects, as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, of contracting obligations, and of suing and being sued, of enjoying privileges and immunities in common, and of exercising a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its institution, or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time of its creation, or at any subsequent period of its existence.
—A Treatise on the Law of Corporations, Stewart Kyd (1793–1794)
The FACTS Have Been Witnessed By Huge Numbers of People
Anita and Clifford Witham and Family Built it ….. NYS DEC and INTERNATIONAL PAPER ” Mill Ponded ” It to pieces ……. Over and Over and Over and Over again.
Many Many Many Witnesses KNOW The Truth
MILL PONDING …. Flushing 1.5 Million Cubic Yards of TOXIC, HAZARDOUS WASTES into Lake Champlain. Intentional Lake Ice Manipulations SHREDDED the place 1965 – 1969
New York OPEN ALL Your Books
Ticonderoga’s New York State and
International Paper’s
MASSIVE GIANT CRAPPER
A WORK IN PROGRESS …… How $elf Anointed Elites with Authoritarian Government Lie Cheat and $windle …. Arrogant Imitation Aristocracy Gone Wild
ADIRONDACKS A ROYAL FOREST ……. ABSOLUTELY
More Royals IMAGINE THAT ……. Castle Dunbarton , Daniel Barton, Henry Hudson Barton’s Father , Barton International ….. Glens Falls, NY …….. Gore Mountain
Monazite Sands and Thorium Reactors FASCINATING
Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry
Mineral Resources of the United States – Page 1078
Monazite Sand is worth $10 a GRAM or $280 an Ounce and $4600 a Pound
[PDF] RECONNAISSANCE OF RADIOACTIVE ROCK OF THE …
Paleozoic rocks of the Hudson and Champlain Valleys . ….. As both zircon and monazite may contain appreciable thorium, most of the radioactivity of the rock …
Monazite: A rare-earth phosphate mineral. – Geology.com
continues to import and distribute large quantities of alluvial garnet from Australia and has expanded sourcing from a large producer in India
Guess Who Hercules and Imperial were owned by ……. ROYALS
The North Country has been extracted by the Royals of England and Europe for Centuries
The Dupont Bloodline
Early History
The Hercules Powder Company was one of the several small explosives companies acquired by the Du Pont Company in the 1880s. By the beginning of the 20th century, Du Pont had absorbed so many of its competitors that it was producing two-thirds of the dynamite and gunpowder sold in the United States.
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- [PDF]A Short History of the Imperial Department of Hercules …http://www.colorantshistory.org/files/IMPERIAL_LETTER__3_1_1_.pdf By 1908, the Imperial Company and its influential Glens Falls … Company, which had been spun from the original DuPont Company and given the … the formation of the Imperial Paper and Color Corporation, a company strong enough to.
ArchiveGrid : Singleton collection, 1936-1960.beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/155424591
You Know IMPERIAL and HERCULES
1.5 Million Cubic Yards (100,000 Tandem Trucks a Column 475 Mi Long ) Toxic Sewage and Mill Chemical and Batch Wastes FLUSHED from Lake George ( The Mill Pond ) down LaChute River to Champlain.
Listen to the ORAL Evidence from the US Supreme Court http://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1971/1971_50_orig
YES IN FACT A ROYAL SCREW JOB
ROYALS Dumped a HUGE Mess in the HUDSON RIVER from Corinth to Sandy Hill , Fort Edward and Schuylerville and on and on and on. Guess Who’s Paying to Clean It Up …
EARTH to The North Country MAN Oh MAN Oh MAN …… The DUKES of ALBANY have taken You to the CLEANERS ……. https://theadirondacksconspiracy.wordpress.com/2015/07/17/the-adirondacks-conspiracy/
The Post-Standard from Syracuse, New York · Page 31 http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/36667621
The Post-Standard from Syracuse, New York … of a giant sludge bed from Lake Champlain and International Paper Co. would … sludge is accumulated …
PAGE 35 of a 1968 EPA Investigation
IP’s GIANT ROYAL PILE OF SHIT IN LAKE CHAMPLAIN
THE ROYAL’s MASSIVE CRAPPER ….. Champlain
YES I SAID ROYAL CLAN CHISHOLM / International Paper CORINTH NY
Otis Falls paper mills c. 1908 at Chisholm, the industrial village within Jay named for Hugh J. Chisholm
International Paper Chisholm Maine
ABSOLUTELY Erchless Castle ( Chisholm Castle )
Good Old Henry Hudson
yes and the ROYALS
While in the employment of the Dutch East India Company.[3] He explored the river which eventually was named for him, and laid thereby the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region.
YES You Know ROYAL DUTCH SHELL ( The MINERS )
Monarchy of the Netherlands – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Monarchy of the Netherlands is constitutional and as such, the role and position of the monarch are defined and limited by the constitution of the Netherlands …
The Obama administration has granted permission to Royal Dutch Shell to drill for oil in the Chukchi Sea, off the northwest coast of Alaska.
The Obama administration has granted permission to Royal Dutch Shell to drill for oil in the Chukchi Sea, off the northwest coast of Alaska.
The company was given the final approval for its application to drill in the Arctic on Wednesday in what was a major loss for green activists who have fought the drilling plans.
Shell has been granted permission start drilling exploratory wells about 140m off the coast of Alaska – one of the best prospective offshore areas in the world.
The DUTCH and the USA Inc. STILL SWAPPING SPIT
The “Shocking” Buying Spree Of America’s Mysterious Third …
Apr 15, 2014 · … after Belgium, it will be Netherlands … They buy our bonds and we buy … The FED has committed treason against the United States of America and …
The biggest holder of U.S. debt ? The Social Security Trust Fund. And No. 2?
C’mon, any guesses?
Yep, the Fed. Can you say ‘quantitative easing’?
Verplank Colvin and the Chisholms were COLLEAGUES and ROYALS
1905 Channing, J. Parke. … 1899 Chisholm, Hugh J. 1888 Chisolm, George E. 1906 Choate, Joseph H. 1874 Church, Col. George … 1886 Colvin, Verplanck.
12-Year-Old Discovers All U.S. Presidents Are Direct …
12-Year-Old Discovers All U.S. Presidents Are Direct Descendants Of King John Of England
12–Year–Old Discovers All U.S. Presidents Are Direct Descendants of King …. all U.S. presidents …
The Federal Reserve Cartel: The Eight Families | Global …
Jun 1, 2011 – The House of Morgan now fell under Rothschild and Rockefeller family control. … The international bankers sought to bring about a condition of despair here … BIS is owned by the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, Bank of Italy, Bank of … Hewlett-Packard, Honeywell, International Paper, Pfizer, Motorola, …
See …. adirondackalmanack.com/2013/07/the-lake-george-trespass-case-who-owns-the-lake-anyway.html
See ….. lakegeorgemirrormagazine.com/tag/irving-langmuir/
E. Stanton pub. “Report on Cause and Effect of Abnormally High and Low Water in L. George” 1932
Lake George THE MILL POND ……. The Lake George Association
Lake George association. Water committee. Report on the cause and effect of abnormally
high and low water in Lake George, n.p. n.pub. 1932. 15p. Report prepared by E.MacD. Stanton, dated Aug. 19, 1932.
Adirondack Bibliography; a List of Books, Pamphlets and …
http://www.mocavo.com/Adirondack-Bibliography-a…Published…/141
Water committee. Report on the cause and effect of abnormally high and low water in Lake George, n.p. n.pub. 1932. 15p. Report prepared by E. MacD. Stanton …
FOLLOW THE BOND PAYMENTS
The Vast Credit Costs and Legal Expenses ALL on the Credit Cards of NEW YORK’s SHYSTERS
The Publicans and Demon Rats BLEED New Yorkers EVERY DAY …… They are Vampires
Farming Humans and Taking Advantage
The very HEART of the American Oligarchs ……
the Root of the 1 % Raking In The Big Bucks
RULING OVER PEOPLE is very lucrative and BIG Business …….
Great efforts have been undertaken for CENTURIES Perfecting DOMINION over the masses ……. This is a Work in Process …….
Judson Witham – Son Of The Swamp Fox (all rights reserved Copy Right 7/18/2015 )
Of Course We Have The History ……… Adirondack Chronology – Protect the Adirondacks ( AKA The Pocket Books of the Elite )
THE ADIRONDACKS A FOREST FOR THE ROYALS
The AMAX / HOCHSCHILD MAFIA , Rockefeller’s DUKES OF ALBANY
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Laurance S. Rockefeller: Catalyst For Conservation
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Robin W. Winks – 2013 – Biography & Autobiography
… of New York State’s Adirondack Park and Preserve a major new national park. … The Forest Preserve within the park is historically important, for it is not only …
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Living with the Adirondack Forest: Local Perspectives on …
Catherine Henshaw Knott – 1998 – HistoryLaurance Rockefeller, the governor’s brother, had proposed the creation of an Adirondack National Park, an idea that was not well received by either the …
Conservation Timeline 1801-1900 – National Park Service
What Would an Adirondack National Park Look Like? – – The …
The Adirondack Park is a part of New York’s Forest Preserve in Upstate New York, …. as having laid the foundation for the U.S. National Wilderness Act of 1964.
AGENDA 21 / The Hochschild Rockefeller Bartlett DeSantis Adirondacks Study for the 21st Century …… THE CONSPIRACY …….. COLVIN’S Royal Forest Laws
MASSIVE LAND RESTRICTIONS ( Planning and Zoning ) just Like The BUBBLE ACT.
FARMING THE PEOPLE ….. CONTROLLING THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
The ROYAL COLVINS began the National ” FOREST LAWS ” for America’s ROYAL FORESTS
ROCKEFELLER NATIONAL PARK ( Adirondack Forest )
John D. Rockefeller Jr. was the son of the richest man in America: John D. Rockefeller Sr., the founder of the vast Standard Oil trust. The younger Rockefeller became a prominent philanthropist and conservationist who donated millions of dollars towards the creation and expansion of national parks across the nation. No single American donated more to the parks.
Rockefeller purchased land and donated money ($45 million by some estimates) to create or expand Acadia, Great Smoky Mountains, Grand Teton, Yosemite and Shenandoah National Parks, and contributed to many other park activities such as the creation of museums. He passed his love of the parks on to his children, particularly his son Laurance, who was responsible for the creation of Virgin Islands National Park and helped launch the National Park Foundation to encourage more Americans to contribute to their parks.
David, Lawrence, Nelson Rockefeller WHO WERE THEY REALLY ( EXXON )
The German, Scottish, BRITISH Rockefellers ROYAL FORESTS OF NEW YORK
The Rockefellers trace their patrilineal line to Goddard Rockefeller (born Gotthard Rockenfeller) (1590) of Fahr, today part of Neuwied, Germany. The first Rockefeller to settle in America (1723) was Johann Peter Rockenfeller (1710, Segendorf, Neuwied; 1787, Amwell Township, New Jersey), who changed his name to Rockefeller. Godfrey Lewis Rockefeller was a son of distant cousins William Rockefeller (1750—1793) and Christina Rockefeller (1754—1800).
Lucy Avery was born to Miles Avery and Melinda Pixley, New England Yankees of mostly English descent. She was descended by her father from Edmund of Langley‘s first marriage (through 5th Baron Audley‘s second marriage)[2] and from Mary Boleyn‘s first marriage (through the 2nd Barons de la Warr).[3]
The Rockefellers ARE Royal Agents always have been, Morgan, Vanderbilt, Rothschilds, Renssalaers, and MOST ALL Titans of Industry in NEW ENGLAND …….. Remember WASHINGTON allowed them to KEEP THE VAST LANDS the Kings Granted and Patented to them ……. The Renssalaer Model
YES THE DUKES of ALBANY
The DUKE OF YORK Imagine That
Mary Boleyn (c. 1499/1500 – 19 June 1543) was the sister of English queen consort Anne Boleyn and a member of the Boleyn family, which enjoyed considerable influence during the reign of King Henry VIII of England. Some historians claim she was Anne’s younger sister, but her children believed Mary was the elder, as do most historians today.
Earl De La Warr is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1761 for John West, 7th Baron De La Warr. The Earl holds the subsidiary titles of Viscount Cantelupe (1761) in the Peerage of Great Britain, Baron De La Warr (1572) in the Peerage of England, and Baron Buckhurst, of Buckhurst in the County of Sussex (1864) in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The barony De La Warr is of the second creation; however, it bears the precedence of the first creation, 1299, and has done so since shortly after the death of William West, 1st Baron De La Warr. The barony and earldom are both pronounced “De La Ware”, as in the American state.[1][2]
First Targeted The NATIVE AMERICANS …… Control the Human Environment
The Great Hustlers …..
Adirondack Park and Catskills Parks
NEW York NEW England’s FOREST PRESERVES
a ROYAL PLOT complete with a Northway
History of Sherwood Forest – Nottinghamshire County Council
http://www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/…/sherwo
Colvins a long history of tenants-in-chief
and Royal Kings of England …….. I give You The Grand Surveyor
YES BY JOVE …… Old King Cole be a COLVIN
The Royal House of COLVIN ….. The Grand Surveyor
The Royal Colvins of England
The Colvins are a family of ancient English lineage, the first appearance of the name in English history occurring in the old chronicles, wherein it is stated that Colvin, Duke of Col-Chester, or Kaer-Colvin (“Col-chester” equivalent to “Colvin-town”), became King of Britain and rejected the authority of the Roman Emperor. The Roman general, Constantius, being sent against him with an army, a truce was made and Constantius married Helen Colvin, daughter of the king. The son of this union was Constantine, afterwards Emperor of Rome, and called “The Great,” who was the first Christian emperor.* [* See ancient English Chronicles of Britain (Grafton, 1568, p 86-87-88-89), and Peter Heylyn’s great “Cosmographi,” Kings of Britain, p. 273.] His mother, Helen, was the Saint Helena, of the ancient Catholic Church, so honored as the discoverer at Jerusalem of the remains of the “true cross” on which the Savior died, which facts may be found more fully brought out in Geoffrey’s [i.e., Geoffrey of Monmouth] British History, chapter vi., Grafton’s Chronicles; Heylyn Chronicles, p. 273.
The GRAND SURVEYOR ?? More Like a ROYAL HUSTLER
THE COLVINS WERE VAST DUTCH LAND GRANT HOLDERS AND EXPERTS AT EXPLOITING LAND HOLDINGS
They Cut Loads of TIMBER and understood very well MINERAL WEALTH
The COLVINS and Van Renssalaers …. the EPITOMY of BRITISH ABUSES
see http://lsaushistory13.wikispaces.com/The+Anti-Renters+Movement
The Adirondacks Conspiracy
INSTRUMENTAL with Rockefeller. DeSantis, Bartlett and YES The COLVINS in Creating and Exploiting the Adirondack Park
THE COLVINS WERE VAST DUTCH LAND GRANT HOLDERS AND EXPERTS AT EXPLOITING LAND HOLDINGS
They Cut Loads of TIMBER and understood very well MINERAL WEALTH
The Future of the Adirondacks: The Reports of the Temporary Study Commission on the Future of the Adirondacks, Volumes 1-2
A Nice Historical Film LOGGING OPERATIONS OF THE 1930s
Author’s NOTE …..
Witham’s Family Worked the Mills and Yes in part from SANDY HILL ( Hudson Falls NY )
Modern pulp and paper making – Google Books
Paper: Devoted to the Manufacture, Sale and Use of Pulp …
Andrew James Colvin Albany Corporation Counsel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Albany,_New_York
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Albany
The cities of New York and Albany, New York were thus both named after James, as he was the Duke of York and of Albany.
Yes the Albany Corporation ……. Albany was officially chartered as a city in 1686. It became the capital of New York in 1797. It is one of the oldest surviving settlements from the original thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States.
New Netherlands
Province of New York
Dominion 1602 By Fiat and Decree of King James of England
Dominion of New England
The New York Provincial Congress of local representatives declared itself the government on May 22, 1775, first referred to the “State of New York” in 1776, and ratified the New York State Constitution in 1777. While the British regained New York City during the American Revolutionary War using it as its military and political base of operations in North America,[1][2] and a British governor was technically in office, much of the remainder of the former colony was held by the Patriots. British claims on any part of New York ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1783.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland
Then there were the Colvins
Adirondack Explorations: Nature Writings of Verplanck Colvin
Verplanck Colvin was born in the city of Albany, New York, January 4, 1847. … of the old Coeymans patent adjoining the Van Rensselaer patent on the south.
[PDF]Saratoga Springs NY Saratogian 1970 – FultonHistory.com
fultonhistory.com/…/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian%2019…
What is AMAZING is the Mill Pond Lake Level manipulations caused enormous Wharf, Boat House and Shore Cribbing Damage for many many years. DEC and Warren County Authorities and most ALL Lake Front Property owners are MATERIAL WITNESSES. SEE bing.com/search?q=Lake%20%20Level%20%20Lake%20%20George%20%20John%20Apperson%20%20Mill%20%20Pond%20%20&qs=n&form=QBRE&pq=lake%20level%20lake%20george%20john%20apperson%20mill%20pond%20&sc=0-23&sp=-1&sk=&cvid=d3799b713109439593469a8ea1915e7b
Saving the islands at lake george
Jun 01, 2014 · Saving the Islands at Lake George John S. Apperson, Jr. (1878-1963) by Ellen Apperson Brown . Home Explore Search You. slideshare Upload; Upload;
One Rock at a Time – SlideShare
Aug 09, 2012 · Slideshow explaining John S. Apperson … It should be noted that lowering and raising the Mill Pond during ice cover … (Lake George as a Mill Pond) …
Irving Langmuir | Lake George Mirror Magazine
… John Apperson, the lake’s most famous preservationist and … should not be a mill–pond. … Tags: General Electric, Irving Langmuir, Lake George …
Adirondack Legal History: The Lake George Trespass Case …
Jul 02, 2013 · It should be noted that lowering and raising the Mill Pond during ice … damage or low water for boating. The mill … Apperson’s Lake George …
The Land / Rent Wars of New York
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Rent_War
Manor of Rensselaerswyck
The estate was originally deeded by the Dutch West India Company in 1630 to Kiliaen van Rensselaer, a Dutch merchant and one of the company’s original directors. Rensselaerswyck extended for miles on each side of the Hudson River near present-day Albany. It included most of what are now the present New York counties of Albany and Rensselaer, as well as parts of Columbia and Greene counties.
Under the terms of the patroonship, the patroon had nearly total jurisdictional authority, establishing civil and criminal law, villages, a church (in part to record vital records, which were not done by the state until the late 19th century). Tenant farmers were allowed to work on the land, but had to pay rent to the owners, and had no rights to property. In addition, the Rensselaers harvested timber from the property.
The patroonship was maintained intact by Rensselaer descendants for more than two centuries. It was split up after the death of its last patroon, Stephen van Rensselaer III in 1839. At his death, van Rensselaer’s land holdings made him the tenth-richest American in history to date.[1] The manor was split between Stephen III’s sons, Stephen IV and William. Tenant farmers began protesting the feudal system and their anti-rent movement was eventually successful. Stephen IV and William sold off most of their land, ending the patroonship in the 1840s. For length of operations, it was the most successful patroonship established under the West India Company system.[2]
A history and genealogical record of the Alling-Allens of …https://books.google.com/books?id=GEExAAAAMAAJ 1899 – Reference
THE COLVINS WERE VAST LAND PATENT HOLDERS and expert at EXPLOITING LAND HOLDINGS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Orange_(New_Netherland)
This land patent was interpreted by van Rensselaer as including Fort Orange and the settlement that had begun outside its walls. He began purchasing and …
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Rensselaerswijck | A Tour of New Netherland
In 1631, seven years after Fort Orange was founded on the shores of the North … named Killiaen van Rensselaer, bought a sizable tract of land around the fort
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The Aristocracy of Norman England – Page 163 – Google Books Result
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0521524652
Judith A. Green – 2002 – Historytenants. Although the latter figure included lands which he had granted to the church, and … Hugh de Rennes.80 Baldwin had additionally enfeoffed another tenant-in-chief, Ralph … and Godfrey the chamberlain.81 Colvin, whose name suggests he was English, was … 80 DB, i, 108 and see note to Phillimore edition Devon.
The Spectator – Volume 39 – Page 1138 – Google Books Result
https://books.google.com/books?id=5tE9AQAAIAAJ
1866Some relatives held under him in Devonshire. … and nine by under-tenants, and whose male descendants continued in Dorsetshire down to … bishop of Constance, Chief Justiciary of England, who had five manors in demesne, and … whom are Godwin and Colvin, holding respectively eleven and eight manors ; and three …
Colvin’s Ancient English Ancestry
Tenant-in-chief – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenant-in-chief
Wikipedia
In medieval and early modern Europe the term tenant-in-chief (or … In England, a tenant-in-chief could enfief, or grant fiefs carved out of his own holding, to his …
Colvin Family – USGenWeb Archives
files.usgwarchives.net/va/culpeper/bibles/c4150000.txt
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/search?biw=1093&bih=521&q=related:files.usgwarchives.net/va/culpeper/bibles/c4150000.txt+tenant-in-chief+Verplanck+Colvin&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0CFUQHzAIahUKEwjz9sKDguPGAhVFKx4KHYXoCT0
Culpeper, VA THE COLVIN FAMILY Sarah Elizabeth Colvin (SEC) is the … from one “Colvin” or “Colvinus,” who was a “tenant-in-chief,” of Devonshire, England, …
Missing: verplanck
the new england – Page 376 – Google Books Result
https://books.google.com/books?id=S2kFAAAAQAAJ
1881THE manor of Alwington, North Devon, has been in possession of one line of the … contains many more names of tenants in King Edward’s time than have been … but in the latter we find Colvin was then the holder of two manors, in chief.
Grand $urveyor OR Royal Opportunist
The Royal Patents and Land Grants
By Grand ROYAL FOREST Design just add a NORTHWAY
History of Sherwood Forest – Nottinghamshire County Council
http://www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/…/sherwo…
George Washington Honored all British Land Grants and Patents
( Verplank Colvin )
English feudal barony – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_feudal_barony
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Wikipedia
In the kingdom of England, a feudal barony or barony by tenure was the highest degree of feudal land …. A tenant-in-chief could be the lord of fractions of several different baronies, if he or his …. Great Torrington, Devon, Odo FitzGamelin, 1086.
Tenant-in-chief
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In medieval and early modern Europe the term tenant-in-chief (or vassal-in-chief), denoted a person who held his lands under various forms of feudal land tenure directly from the king or territorial prince to whom he did homage, as opposed to holding them from another nobleman or senior member of the clergy.[1][2] The tenure was one which denoted great honour, but also carried heavy responsibilities as the tenants-in-chief were originally responsible for providing knights and soldiers for the king’s feudal army.[3] Other names for tenant-in-chief were captal or baron,[a] although the latter term came to mean specifically one who held in-chief by the tenure per baroniam, the feudal baron.[1] The Latin term was tenens in capite;[4][b] In most countries allodial property could be held by laypeople or the church; however in England after the Norman Conquest, the king became in law the only holder of land by allodial title; thus all the lands in England became the property of the Crown.[5][6] A tenure by frankalmoin, which in other countries was regarded as a form of privileged allodial holding, was in England regarded as a feudal tenement. Every land-holding was deemed by feudal custom to be no more than an estate in land whether directly or indirectly held of the king; absolute title in land could only be held by the king himself, the most anyone else could hold was a right over land, not a title in land per se.[6] In England, a tenant-in-chief could enfief, or grant fiefs carved out of his own holding, to his own followers. The creation of subfiefs under a tenant-in-chief or other fief-holder was known as subinfeudation.[7] The Norman kings, however, eventually imposed on all free men (i.e. those whose tenures were “freehold”, that is to say for life or heritable by their heirs) who occupied a tenement a duty of fealty to the crown rather than to their immediate lord who had enfeoffed them. This was to diminish the possibility of sub-vassals being employed by tenants-in-chief against the crown.[6]
The lands held by a tenant-in-chief in England, if comprising a large feudal barony, were called an honour.[8] As feudal lord, the king had the right to collect scutage from the barons who held these honours.[9] Scutage was a tax collected from vassals in lieu of military service. The payment of scutage rendered the crown more independent of the feudal levy and enabled it to pay for troops on its own.[8] Once a tenant-in-chief received a demand for scutage, the cost was passed on to the sub-tenants and thus came to be regarded as a universal land tax.[9] This tax was a development from the taxation system created under the Anglo-Saxon kings to raise money to pay off the invading Danes, the so-called Danegeld.[10]
In the great feudal survey Domesday Book (1087), tenants-in-chief were listed first in each county’s entry.[2] When an English tenant-in-chief died, an inquisition post mortem was held in each county in which he held land and his or her land temporarily escheated (i.e.reverted) to the demesne of the crown until the heir paid a sum of money (a relief), and was then able to take possession (livery of seisin) of the lands. However, if the heir was underage (under 21 for a male heir, under 14 for an heiress) they would be subject to a feudal wardship where the custody of their lands and the right to arrange their marriage passed to the monarch, until they came of age. The wardship and marriage was not usually kept in Crown hands, but was sold, often simply to the highest bidder, unless outbid by the next of kin.[11] When an heir came of age, he or she passed out of wardship but could not enter upon their inheritance until, like all heirs of full age on inheritance, they had sued out their livery. In either case, the process was complicated.[12] Eventually a warrant was issued for the livery to pass under the Great Seal.[12] From its inception in 1540, The Court of Wards and Liveries administered the funds received from the wardships, marriages and the granting of livery; both courts and practice were abolished in 1646[13] and the whole system of feudal tenure was abolished by the Feudal Tenures Act 1660.
See also[edit]
| Look up tenant-in-chief in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
History of the English fiscal system
Arrow Financial Corp….. The Bag Men Bartlett, Rockefellers ,
DeSantis and the Hochschild Cabal and the North Country Mob
[PDF]Adirondack Chronology – Protect the Adirondacks
Rockefeller National Historic Park. Retrieved 20 June …… lion) in Saratoga Co. 1890. E. B. Bartlett et al. establish The Adirondack Company at Lake Placid (Nov) …… The Howard Johnson Chain, c/o Joe DeSantis, opens at Lake George. 1953.
Rewind: April 16, 2014 – The Adirondack Northway …
Apr 16, 2014 – The Adirondack Northway, Stagecoaches and a Constitutional Amendment … Rockefeller and convinced him to name the road, “The Adirondack Northway. … Local Assemblyman, Richard J. Bartlett of Queensbury wrote the …
Trillions Have Been Extracted By British Interests
Andrew J. Colvin ( Verplank’s Father )
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Andrew James Colvin (April 30, 1808 Coeymans, Albany County, New York – July 8, 1889 Albany, New York) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.
Life[edit]
He was the son of James Colvin (1776–1846) and Catherine Huyck (Verplanck) Colvin (1778–1882). He attended The Albany Academy. Then he studied law in the office of Van Buren & Butler, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Albany. He married Rosina M. Alling (1810–1843), and they had two children.
He was Corporation Counsel of Albany in 1842. On September 2, 1845, he married Margaret Crane Alling (1812–1900), a sister of his first wife, and their son was Verplanck Colvin (1847–1920), the ideator of the New York Forest Preserve.
Andrew J. Colvin was District Attorney of Albany County from 1846 to 1847, and from 1851 to 1853; and a member of the New York State Senate (13th D.) in 1860 and 1861.
He was buried at the Grove Cemetery in Coeymans.
Assemblyman John Colvin (1752–1814) was his grandfather.
Sources[edit]
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner (1867; pg. 358, 442 and 529)
Biographical Sketches of the State Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York by William D. Murphy (1861; pg. 42ff)
Colvin genealogy at Schenectady History
Grove Cemetery records at Betty Fink
OBITUARY; ANDREW J. COLVIN in NYT on July 21, 1889
Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: Colvin
Index to All Families | Index to Families by County: Albany, Columbia, Fulton, Greene, Montgomery, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Warren, Washington
Go to previous family: Stockwell | next family: Chase
[This information is from Vol. I, pp. 457-462 of Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs, edited by Cuyler Reynolds (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1911). It is in the Reference collection of the Schenectady County Public Library at R 929.1 R45. Some of the formatting of the original, especially in lists of descendants, may have been altered slightly for ease of reading.]
Hon. Verplanck Colvin, superintendent of the New York State Land Survey, was born in Albany, New York, January 4, 1847. His father was the Senator, Hon. Andrew James Colvin, who was born at Coeymans, Albany county, New York, April 30, 1808, and died at Albany, July 8, 1889. Senator Colvin married, in Trinity Church, Newark, New Jersey, September 2, 1845, Margaret Crane Alling, born at Newark, New Jersey, March 19, 1812, died in Albany, New York, June 25, 1900.
The Colvins are a family of ancient English lineage, the first appearance of the name in English history occurring in the old chronicles, wherein it is stated that Colvin, Duke of Col-Chester, or Kaer-Colvin (“Col-chester” equivalent to “Colvin-town”), became King of Britain and rejected the authority of the Roman Emperor. The Roman general, Constantius, being sent against him with an army, a truce was made and Constantius married Helen Colvin, daughter of the king. The son of this union was Constantine, afterwards Emperor of Rome, and called “The Great,” who was the first Christian emperor.* [* See ancient English Chronicles of Britain (Grafton, 1568, p 86-87-88-89), and Peter Heylyn’s great “Cosmographi,” Kings of Britain, p. 273.] His mother, Helen, was the Saint Helena, of the ancient Catholic Church, so honored as the discoverer at Jerusalem of the remains of the “true cross” on which the Savior died, which facts may be found more fully brought out in Geoffrey’s [i.e., Geoffrey of Monmouth] British History, chapter vi., Grafton’s Chronicles; Heylyn Chronicles, p. 273.
(I) The progenitor of the Colvin family in America was John Colvin, who was the paternal great-grandfather of Hon. Verplanck Colvin. He was born in Scotland in 1752, near Castle Douglas, of renowned memory, and came to this country from there in 1772, settling at Nine Partners, New York, where he married Sarah Fuller. She was born in Connecticut, April 25, 1754, and was a descendant of a Mayflower Pilgrim. They subsequently removed to Coeymans, Albany county, New York, where he died January, 1814. Near this place he owned a large farm, situated west of Coeymans village or landing, on the Hudson river. He was a large man, possessing great physical strength as well as strong mental qualities, was of high character, a man of integrity and eminent for his piety. In 1811 he was member of assembly, being elected on the same ticket with Stephen Van Rensselaer, Abraham Van Vechten and Abel French, all prominent men of his day in New York State.
(II) James Colvin, eldest son of John Colvin and Sarah Fuller, was born at Coeymans, New York, July 11, 1776, and died in Albany, New York, May 6, 1846. He married Catherine Huyck Verplanck, which brought a wealth of ancient American history into the family. She was born in Coeymans, June 30, 1778, and was the granddaughter of David Verplanck (son of Isaac Verplanck, tenth child of Abraham 1st), whose first wife was Ariaantje Coeymans. From her he inherited a great part of the Coeymans Patent in Albany and Greene counties, a very ancient patent or manorial grant, located before the Van Rensselaer Patent of Rensselaerwyck, or Albany.
David Verplanck was born April 14, 1695, and married (first), July 16, 1723, Ariaantje, daughter of Barent Pieterse Coeymans, born at Coeymans, October 19, 1672; (second) a Miss Brouwer; (third), Catrina Boom, November 10, 1752. David Verplanck’s father was Isaac Verplanck, who was baptized June 26, 1641, and married Abigail Uytenbogart. Isaac Verplanck’s father was Abraham Isaacse Verplanck, of New Amsterdam, who emigrated to that place from Holland at a time when there were only fifteen houses on Manhattan Island, and was commander of the Dutch forces there under Governor Kieft in the first war with the Indians. In the house of the Verplancks at Fishkill, New York, where some of the family settled in 1682, the Society of the Cincinnati was formed. When he died he left 8,500 acres of the Coeymans Patent to each of his four children: Johannes, Ariaantje, Harriet and Isaac Davidse.
Ariaantje Coeymans, wife of David Verplanck, was the daughter of Barent Pieterse Coeymans, who purchased the enormous tract bearing his name. He was the son of Pieter Coeymans, also a miller, the progenitor of his family in America, who came from Utrecht in 1636, and he married the daughter of Andries De Vos. Barent, first owner of the mill at Coeymans, had litigation with the Patroon Van Rensselaer, because he had dealings before the Patroon with the native Indians for the tract of land measuring ten or twelve miles along the Hudson river. It was decided in Coeymans’ favor in 1714, and he obtained a patent from Queen Anne confirming the entire tract to him. Upon a commanding site, near the Hudson river, was erected the old stone mansion, the oldest building in the place, and still an object of great interest, once called the “Coeymans’ Castle.”
(III) Hon. Andrew J. Colvin was born at Coeymans, New York, April 30, 1808, and died at Albany, New York, July 8, 1889. He was corporation counsel of Albany; district attorney for Albany county, the first ever elected in that county, and state senator during 1860-1861. He was author of the act giving women their legal rights, and of the act abolishing the death penalty, which was restored after he left the senate. He was noted for his patriotism during the civil war, and was chosen by the legislature to be president of the joint session of the New York State assembly and senate, selected by the legislature to receive Abraham Lincoln on his visit to Albany, which was the only reception ever given by the state to the martyr President.
Andrew James Colvin married, at Newark, New Jersey, September 2, 1845, Margaret Crane Alling, daughter of Prudden Alling and Maria Halsey, of Newark, New Jersey. She was a niece of Colonel John Ford, and related to General Prudden of the revolutionary army, and by marriage of her aunt, Matilda (Rosekrans) Halsey, to General Ebenezer Foote of the Continental army, an old Delaware county family. She was a descendant of Roger Alling (1st) progenitor of the family in America, who came to this country in 1639, settling in New Haven, Connecticut.
When the Rev. Mr. Davenport proposed to found Yale College, Roger Alling was the first to respond and say he “would send his son” there. Roger Alling’s eldest son Samuel married Sarah Winston, of the old Cecil (Churchill, Marlborough) families; their eldest son, Samuel, Jr., married, at New Haven, in 1690, Sarah, daughter of Thomas Curry, and removed to Newark, New Jersey, 1702; their son, Samuel Alling (3d), the deacon, married Abigail Prudden, granddaughter of Rev. John Prudden (2nd), minister of the first church of Newark. They had a son, John Alling (3rd), first of Newark, who married Abigail Young of Newark; their son, John Alling (4th), born in 1746, at Newark, married Martha Crane, of Newark, a descendant of Jasper Crane. The third son of this John Alling (4th) was Prudden Alling, of Newark, born October 20, 1779, who married, March 16, 1806, Maria Halsey. Prudden Alling died at Newark, January 31, 1857. Their youngest daughter was Margaret Crane Alling, who was the mother of Verplanck Colvin.
Prudden Alling in later life had vessels plying between Savannah, Georgia, and Newark, New Jersey, and when he closed his business at the former place, drove all the distance in his carriage to Ballston, New York, to visit his relatives, the Ball family. He owned many negro slaves, but gave them all their freedom, as did also the Colvin family, setting them free in Albany county before the act emancipating slaves in New York state was passed.
Of interest to the family is the fact that a daughter of the Mr. Ball mentioned, married a Pierson, and was called by the Allings, “Aunty” Pierson. Her father, Mr. Ball, was a confidential officer of General Washington; was captured by the Hessians on Staten Island, and had his toes crushed by the butts of the muskets of these soldiers, and finally was killed by these soldiers. The Ball family was related to General Washington’s mother.
Prudden Alling had an uncle, General Prudden, who married a Miss Ogden, of Newark, New Jersey. General Prudden was high sheriff of Morris county when Washington had his headquarters there at and after the revolution, and he took his nephew, Prudden Alling, then a child, to Washington’s camp. It was there afterwards that the portrait of Prudden Alling was painted, showing him in scarlet coat and powdered hair in a queue, now owned by Alling Ward, in Ohio, son or grandson of General Prudden’s sister. A portrait of Washington was painted in the same style, and is now in the national capital. General Prudden brought up his nephew, Prudden Alling, from childhood. John Alling (4th), maternal great-grandfather of Verplanck Colvin, in 1775 joined a company of minute men of the American patriots and was chosen third lieutenant. He was in the battles fought at Newark and elsewhere. The family records published tell of his severe fighting, face to face, with the British, musket in hand, at Newark. In April, 1782, he was wounded, by a bayonet, in the thigh, and died December 2, 1795, aged forty-nine years. Prudden Alling, Verplanck Colvin’s grandfather, was twenty years old when President Washington died, and his acquaintance with and relationship to Washington was a valued feature of his life.
(IV) Hon. Verplanck Colvin, son of Hon. Andrew James Colvin and Margaret Crane Alling, was born at Albany, January 4, 1847. He was educated at home, then at the Albany Academy, and afterwards by private tutors. At a later period he was for a short time an instructor in surveying, engineering and geodesy at Hamilton College, New York. At Nassau, Rensselaer county, New York, whither his family removed shortly after the outbreak of the civil war, he indulged his taste for outdoor life and laid the foundation of his love for topographical science by preparing topographical maps of the country. He next studied law under his father, practicing successfully in the minor courts, but inclined more and more to scientific pursuits.
He kept up his interest in topography and military map reconnaissance; allied himself closely with the Albany Institute (one of the oldest and most eminent scientific and literary organizations in America, dating to 1791), and organized a very successful course of free scientific lectures in the State Geological Hall, Albany. Continuing his topographical and geological studies in 1865, he began his exploration of the Adirondack wilderness, corrected many errors in existing maps of that region, and during several successive summers continued this line of work so pleasing to him by natural bent. In 1870 he made the first ascent and measurement of the height of Mt. Seward, and about that time discovered the remarkable errors of the local variations of the compass needle in northern New York, which render bearings taken in most parts of these mountains valueless without long, skillful study. It was during this winter that he killed a huge bear in close combat in the snow, near Lake Pleasant, Hamilton county, in the Adirondacks.
In 1869 he made a critical topographical and geological survey of the Helderbergh mountains of New York, finely illustrated by his sketches. A brief abstract of this work was published by the Harpers — who had the famous engraver, Harry Fenn, prepare the wood cuts — and Mr. Colvin was paid by the Harpers at the same rate as General George B. McClellan and Horace Greeley, then among the most famous writers in America. This gave Verplanck Colvin a high position in American literature and led to more important work, among which was his intimate acquaintance with the great New York State Geologist, James Hall (who afterwards brought Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, when the latter was president of the Royal Society of Great Britain, to see Mr. Colvin). Mr. Colvin learned much from James Hall on geology; and the mathematics of meteorology and astronomy from Professor George W. Hough, late of the Dudley Observatory and Dearborn Observatory.
During the latter part of the winter of 1870 he traveled extensively through the Southern States, and by pen and pencil illustrated his account of these journeys. In 1871 he crossed the great plains to Colorado, visiting Wyoming, Nebraska and the Black Hills, and was the first to ascend, describe and map highest peaks in the Rocky Mountains, subsequently writing an article for Harper’s Magazine, entitled “The Dome of the Continent,” which caused the name “Dome State” to be first applied to Colorado. He was elected an honorary member of the Rocky Mountain Club of Denver, an honor rarely conferred, such honor being limited to a few special explorers of the Rockies, including Lieutenant-General Philip H. Sheridan. In 1871 Mr. Colvin urged the creation of the Adirondack park and forest preserve. In 1872 he induced the New York state legislature to make the first appropriation for the state survey in the Adirondacks, and he was accordingly appointed superintendent of that valuable work, as well as of other state surveys; and in the same year he traced the Hudson river to its highest lake source, Lake Tear of the Clouds, on the southern flank of Mt. Marcy, and he was the first to visit. and name this lake and source of the Hudson.
In 1873 he was appointed one of the Commission of the State Parks of New York, having been the first to recommend making the Adirondack Forest Preserve, and in this commission was associated with William A. Wheeler, later vice-president of the United States, and Horatio Seymour, governor of New York.
In 1875 he made the first true measurement with level and rod of Mt. Marcy, the highest peak in New York state, proving its altitude to be 5,344 feet above sea level. His services have been of great value to the state and science at large, and the highest mountain on the eastern shore of the lower Ausable lake, in the eastern Adirondacks, bears his name. This title was given to the lake by Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler, of Brooklyn, New York, in the New York Independent, many years ago. Mr. Colvin was the first man to climb this mountain, and he has climbed and measured all the highest peaks of the Adirondack region.
In 1876 he explored the headwaters of the Moose river and Beaver river region, finding numerous lakes never before placed on any map. In 1877, while exploring on snowshoes among the mountains at the head of Red river, he encountered an enormous panther, which had just killed a deer, and he killed the panther by a single shot from his rifle.
In 1881 he was called upon to lecture on higher surveying and geodesy at Hamilton College, New York, at the suggestion of his friend, the great astronomer, Professor C. H. F. Peters (who was the discoverer of thirty-six of the minor planets of our solar system); and, at this time, Mr. Colvin was the guest of President Darling.
In 1882 he was chosen, with Governor Alonzo B. Cornell, one of the New York delegates to the first American Forestry Congress, and read an important paper before that learned body.
In 1883 he was given full and complete charge of the New York State Land Survey, which office he held a great many years. In 1888, when the national government was proposing to erect new gun foundries for the great cannon which have proved so excellent, he showed in an able paper that the most secure location for the factory was at the Watervliet arsenal, near Albany, that city being “the sole unconquered capital of the world.” Congress adopted his views, and he was called into consultation by the ordnance officers of the United States army. In recognition of this service the Albany Burgesses’ Corps presented Mr. Colvin with a handsome sword. In 1891 he was nominated for the office of state engineer and surveyor, and polled 538,000 votes, being 4,000 ahead of the candidate for governor.
In 1893 he represented the state of New York in the reception to the Duke of Veragua and family, the descendants of Columbus, at the capitol, and traveled with them to the lakes and mountains of this state, in this manner establishing a friendship with that family which has since been maintained by correspondence.
Mr. Colvin was chosen president of the ancient scientific society, the Albany Institute, to succeed the late Leonard Kip, the gifted author. As such he conducted it upon a high basis of learning, following his ideas that this organization was the leader in higher educational matters at Albany and the people should be made acquainted with all recent discoveries and inventions by listening to the descriptions given by the originators themselves. In this way he secured men of wide note to discuss topics of valuable historical, scientific and technical concerns of the day. His own paper, mathematically proving from the records given by Plutarch, that this continent was known to the Phoenecians and Carthagenians, is very important.
From the allusions made to Plutarch to the position of the star Saturn, to the direction of the sun at its extreme northerly elongation about the time of the first century of the Christian era, to the length of the days and nights at the extreme north point reached by the voyagers, to their account of stopping at Britain, and the distance sailed on the outward voyage to this continent, the height of the tides, the ice in the rivers, the warmth of the tropical climate of the countries upon the Mexican Gulf, and the voyage directly eastward, back to Carthage, Mr. Colvin has worked out, by astronomical and geographical formulae, on the basis of the observations of the Egyptian astronomer, Ptolemy, even the latitudes, directions and distances of the points referred to in the text of the ancient Roman writer, nearly two thousand years ago; and proved the knowledge of this continent by the ancients.
Mr. Colvin’s paper “On the true path of the moon in space,” showing that the earth and moon move around the sun like projectiles in wave-like curves, always concave toward the sun, and that, hence, the moon never goes around the earth in a circular or elliptical orbit, has made clear a very obscure question in astronomy and greatly facilitated the study of that science.
His address to the Grand Army of the Republic, delivered at Albany in 1896, was memorable, showing that the issues of the civil war were not closed when the military conflict ceased; but that the industrial problems which arose enter into the later political conditions, particularly in the competition of cheap negro labor in the South with white labor in the North, and that these issues are not to be finally settled without full consideration of the rights and wrongs of the human race through all of the historic conditions of the preceding ages of effort for civilization, the freedom to do right, and prevention of wrong, which were the underlying causes leading up to the civil war, and in the same way to the more recent Spanish-American war of 1898.
In 1898 Superintendent Colvin offered the services of himself and the chief officers and employees of his department to the state for military service in a letter to the adjutant-general; but the state militia was given preference, and he was ordered by the governor to continue his work in the civil service. His department was the only New York state civil division tendering its services for this war.
Mr. Colvin’s chief work has been in higher engineering and geodesy, much of the results of which has been published by the state in the form of reports to the legislature; but in addition to these are numerous pamphlets and a variety of publications made by him at various times. Many of his writings have been copiously illustrated or accompanied by valuable topographical maps, designs, plans and designs of things devised to improve and facilitate engineering work. They are considered far from being what is termed dry, and engage the thought of many a reader wishing to be well informed on New York state affairs especially appertaining to the Adirondack region. In this line he is the inventor of a portable boat to be used in making explorations; made improvements in telescopes, and discovered a method of securing the mean temperature of the atmosphere independent of the thermometer, by observations on the velocity of sound. He is the author of First Ascent of Mt. Marcy, published by the state in 1871; “The Helderberg Mountains,” illustrated, Harper’s, 1871; “The Dome of the Continent,” Harper’s, 1872.
He has also acted as consulting engineer on many important works, in the location of railroads, etc.; has been president of the Schenectady and Albany Railway Company, and a director and officer in other railroad companies. He was consulted in regard to the eastern extension of the Canadian Pacific Railway by Lord Mount Stephen and Sir William Van Horn, of that important corporation.
In his geographical explorations he has made large additions to knowledge. His map sketch of the snowy range of the Rocky Mountains around Gray’s Peak, made in 1870, was the first ever published, and has not been materially changed by any subsequent and more expensive and elaborate surveys.
In 1883, Seth Green, then superintendent for the State Fishery Commission, published an estimate that there were only three hundred lakes and ponds in New York state, and Mr. Colvin was called on to give an account of those which he knew in the Adirondacks and northern counties of New York, and furnished a list of those which he had either personally visited or which had been located by survey or reconnoissance, amounting to upwards of one thousand in that portion of the state alone, while there are many small ponds which have no names.
Under the law he was given charge of the surveys of all state land and the re-location and restoration of boundary lines which might be in litigation or dispute between the state and private parties. His surveys were made by law prima facie evidence in the courts of New York, when certified under his hand and official seal.
In 1902 Mr. Colvin was elected president of the New York Canadian Pacific Railway Company, a railroad reorganized in 1905, from three separate companies previously chartered by the state of New York, viz.: The New York & Albany railroad (150 miles); the Schenectady & Albany railroad (18 miles); and the New York Northern railroad (nearly 200 miles). The united stock of these railway companies already authorized by law (forming the new company of 1905) is $10,150,000, and bonds authorized and recorded are $6,000,000, covering the right-of-way acquired. The work of constructing these railways was begun under the late President Joseph H. Ramsey, the former president and builder of the Albany & Susquehanna railroad, the $100 stock of which now commands $270 per share in the market. About $2,000,000 has been expended upon the construction work of the consolidated new company (the New York Canadian Pacific Railway Company) and its completion is greatly desired by the people along its line.
Mr. Colvin is a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, honorary member of the Club Alpine Français of Paris, the Adirondack Club, fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, honorary member of the similar society in Great Britain, Sons of the Revolution, corresponding member of the Appalachian Mountain Club of Boston, Massachusetts, and Sierra Club of California; was the first honorary president of the Adirondack Guides’ Association, president of Albany Chamber of Commerce, of the Scotch “Burns Club” of Albany, the New York State Historical Society, Albany Institute, life member of the National Geographic Society, a foundation member of the Fortnightly Club, and he is also allied with several other organizations of similar nature.
Mr. Colvin is not married. He resides in the old homestead of the Colvin family in Albany, situated in his park among the great trees in the heart of the city of Albany, in the large and beautiful place known as “The Elms,” on Western avenue, it being the same place in which his grandmother and his father previously resided; and the spacious grounds have been a garden since old colonial times.
More information about the life and work of Verplanck Colvin may be found at the Colvin Crew.
GENUKI/Devon: Devon History (1850)
genuki.cs.ncl.ac.uk/DEV/DevonHist1850.html
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/search?biw=1093&bih=498&q=related:genuki.cs.ncl.ac.uk/DEV/DevonHist1850.html+Colvin++tenant-in-chief,%E2%80%9D+of+Devonshire,+England&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0CC8QHzAEOApqFQoTCI3T8ZyK48YCFUlvPgodS8gAgA
DEVONSHIRE, the largest county in England, except Yorkshire, and the most ….. As noticed at page 52, the ROMANS had their chief station in this county at Exeter, from …. Archibalistarius, 11; Wm. Hostiarus, 10; Godwin, 11; and Colvin, 8. … The greater part of the manors were held by under tenants, who rendered suit and …
The COLVIN PATROON and the Dutch West India Company ( Corporation ) BRITISH to the very core Good Old Verplanck Colvin …….
The Hudson: America’s River – Google Books Result
With these words, young Colvin began his campaign to conserve the forest in the … Verplanck, inherited muchofthe large Coeymans land patent south of Albany.
In the United States, a patroon (English pronunciation: /pəˈtruːn/; from Dutch patroon) was a landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the 17th century Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America.[1] Through the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions of 1629, the Dutch West India Company first started to grant this title and land to some of its invested members. These inducements to foster colonization and settlement (also known as the “Rights and Exemptions”), are the basis for the patroon system.
The deeded tracts were called patroonships and could span 16 miles in length on one side of a major river, or 8 miles if spanning both sides. In 1640 the charter was revised to cut new plot sizes in half, and to allow any Dutch American in good standing to purchase an estate. The title of patroon came with powerful rights and privileges. A patroon could create civil and criminal courts, appoint local officials and hold land in perpetuity. In return, he was required by the Dutch West India Company to establish a settlement of at least 50 families within four years on the land.[2] As tenants working for the patroon, these first settlers were relieved of the duty of public taxes for ten years, but were required to pay rent to the patroon. A patroonship sometimes had its own village and other infrastructure, including churches.
After the English takeover of New Netherland in 1664, the system continued with the granting of large tracts known as manors, and sometimes referred to as patroonships.
Rockefellers , Hochschilds , Rothschilds Grand Scheme
Re-establishing British Forest Laws
Complete with a Grand North Way
History of Sherwood Forest – Nottinghamshire County Council
Sherwood Country Park lies just north of Edwinstowe, two miles from Ollerton and 17 … The main London to York road, the Great North Way, ran straight through …
note …. The Vast Grants and Patents HONORED By King George Washington ( Former British Officer ) He especially honored His and His Wife’s Land Grants
YES The Adirondacks Forest Complete with a Grand North Way
The Adirondack Forest Preserve by Grand Old Royal Design
The Hudson: America’s River – Google Books Result
With these words, young Colvin began his campaign to conserve the forest in the … Verplanck, inherited muchofthe large Coeymans land patent south of Albany.
Rockefeller’s Temporary
Study Commission on the Future of the Adirondacks
The Hochschild Plans ( Yes Hochschild Mining
Administrative files of the Temporary Study Commission on …
This series consists solely of transcripts of six public hearings held by the Temporary Study Commission on the Future of the Adirondacks in 1969 and 1970.
LOVE IN HEAVY ARMOR – NYTimes.com
http://www.nytimes.com/…/love-in-heavy-armor.html
Jun 15, 1986 – All these burdens were Adam Hochschild’s, and more. … in 1942, who controlled Amax Inc., one of the largest mining companies in the world. … Harold Hochschild, Adam’s father, was a German Jew whose father arrived in …
Cuomo challenges NY to notice Adirondacks | NCPR News
His “Adirondack Challenge” was designed to draw attention to the tourism potential of … Tourism is big business for us, it’s a big part of … dream the Adirondacks …
Tourism Business, Community and Environment in the Adirondacks
Tourism Business, Community and Environment in the Adirondacks. 1. Executive Summary. Tourism is … Labor market issues are the biggest problem for Adirondack …
BIG BUCKS FOR
[PDF]Saratoga Springs NY Saratogian 1970 – FultonHistory.com
Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller outlined a program … Rockefeller emphasized that the party. “must spread its …. missioner; Carl DeSantis, Warren. County GOP … and Richard J. Bartlett. Mrs. Paul F. ….. Park, as a county representative to the.
Rockefeller National Historic Park. …… Virgil Bartlett buys Backwoods Lodge on the Upper Saranac Lake-Round L. carry. 1854 …… The Howard Johnson Chain, c/o Joe DeSantis, opens at Lake George
THE VERY WELL CONNECTED
“We have to have greater economic growth because we just can’t
raise the taxes any further.” Nelson Rockefeller 1970
Carl DeSantis, Warren County GOP chairman; former Assemblyman Stanley Van Rensselaer
http://www.bluemountaincenter.org/life-at-bmc/
Adirondack Journal — Fifty Years of History
www.adkmuseum.org/about…/adirondack_journal/
The Adirondack Museum celebrates its golden anniversary in 2007. … History can capture the imagination and inspire great events – including the founding of a … Harold Hochschild a New York City business executive, long-time seasonal … and a grand resort hotel, the Prospect House in Blue Mountain Lake, New York.
Lots and Lots and Lots of BUCKS for the very well connected - JW
Harold Hochschild a New York City business executive, long-time seasonal Adirondack resident and lay historian published Township 34, a history of the Central Adirondacks, in 1952. The book furnished a plan and its author guidance and financial support for the Adirondack Museum through the first decades of its development.
William West Durant was born in Brooklyn in 1850, and educated in England and Germany. His father, Dr. Thomas C. Durant, a vice-president of the Union Pacific railroad, accumulated one of the great fortunes in nineteenth century America. By the 1880s the Durant family had acquired 658,261 acres of Adirondack land and William arrived in the region to manage the family’s investments.
Accustomed to refinement, Durant modeled his Adirondack developments after the baronial hunting estates of European aristocracy. In the process he developed the unique architectural style for what became known as Adirondack Great Camps.
Owners of Great Camps acquired vast land holdings, which included wilderness lakes, ponds, and rivers. The camps, actually small isolated villages, were self-sufficient, and often included working farms, greenhouses, icehouses, and even chapels. They were very expensive to build and maintain.
The region’s isolation was a major obstacle to Durant’s development plans. In an effort to attract wealthy tourists, the family built and operated railroads, steamboats lines, roads, sawmills, and a grand resort hotel, the Prospect House in Blue Mountain Lake, New York. By the 1890s Durant was financially overextended.
Despite his growing money problems, Durant began a new project in the spring of 1899; the Eagle’s Nest Country Club. In the summer of 1900 the country club and its golf course were opened with a series of exhibition matches played by the Scottish professional, Harry Vardon. Vardon’s fee was $500 for the week and a bottle of Scotch whiskey every night. On Saturday night, August 4, to celebrate the opening, Durant gave a dance at the club’s casino, to the music of an eight-piece orchestra, brought from Utica.
Durant spent nearly $70,000 building the Eagle’s Nest Country Club.
By 1904, awash in a sea of lawsuits, including one brought by his own sister, Durant lost control of his Adirondack lands. The assets of Durant’s company were seized by creditors who, in turn, sold the country club’s land to three New York City men: Ernst Ehrman, Henry Morgenthau Sr., and Berthold Hochschild. The three formed a holding company for the land called the Eagle Nest Country Club.
Beginning in 1904 Berthold Hochschild, his wife Mathilde, and his sons Harold and Walter spent June through September every year at Eagle Nest. First the father, then the sons, commuted on the New York Central’s sleeper car from Grand Central Station in New York City to spend weekends at the family’s summer home
Durant’s railroad-steamboat network was still the principal means for getting to the region in 1904. Twelve-year-old Harold Hochschild was captivated by the train and the steamboats. Hoping for a chance to handle the steam-engine’s throttle, he cultivated a friendship with Rassie Scarritt, driver of the H.K Porter Engine on the Marion River Carry Railroad, the shortest standard-gauge line in the world. The engine towed two open passenger cars and a baggage car purchased from the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. in 1900. The total distance covered in the trip was 1300 yards.
Early on Harold began collecting information about the region. He amassed boxes of research materials, letters, Photostats, typescripts, and notebooks containing his penciled notes. His folders, ranging from “Adirondack Iron Works” to “Wild Animals,” are organized by subject in alphabetical order.
Harold’s research notes were the basis for an extensive history of the region. Serious work on the project did not begin until after World War II. Working nights and weekends, Harold researched his book, interviewing as many “old timers” as possible. When Township 34 appeared in 1952, it contained 614 quarto-sized pages, 470 illustrations, 39 maps, 24 appendices, a bibliography, index, and weighed seven pounds without its slipcover. 600 copies were printed.
The publication of Harold Hochschild’s book coincided with William Wessels’ idea of converting the Blue Mountain House, a summer resort high above Blue Mountain Lake, into a museum dedicated to Adirondack history.
The Adirondack Museum was a marriage between a wonderfully scenic site supplied by William Wessels, and the intellectual framework and financial support provided by Harold Hochschild. Many of the museum’s original exhibits were derived from Township 34. The Adirondack Museum opened to the public on August 4, 1957.
Nothing reflects the Adirondack region’s powerful hold on Harold Hochschild’s imagination as much as the museum’s Marion River Carry Pavilion. The pavilion contains the H.K. Porter Engine and passenger cars of Durant’s Marion River Carry Railroad. The train was brought to the museum in 1956, saved from decay in the woods where it had been abandoned.
The Marion River Carry Pavilion includes an automated diorama, known fondly as “the boat train,” that illustrates the history of the complicated, turn-of-the-last -century network of railroads and steamboats that connected the region to the outside world when Harold Hochschild was a boy.
Every year, thousands of museum visitors of all ages linger at the diorama, listening as the recorded “voice” of the display tells the story of the Marion River Carry Railroad – listening to history brought to life.
Those that created the PARK and their
Political Forces have cleaned up
History – Lake George Mirror
… great resort hotels, the destruction of the mansions along Lake Shore Drive, and the proliferation of motels and tourist cabins – the Mirror itself changed little.
State Legislators Praise Praise Cuomo for Promoting Adirondack Tourism.
YES LETS ALL TAKE A BUCKET OF MONEY AND GO TO
THE ADIRONDACKS
Richard Bartlett – The Post Star
poststar.com/richard–bartlett/image_a816c781-50ba-5a5a-…
May 7, 2015 – Arrow Financial declares cash dividend. GLENS FALLS | The Board of Directors of Arrow Financial Corp. declared a quarterly cash dividend of …
PDF]RICHARD J. BARTLETT Biographical Data – Crandall Public …
Principal in law firm of Bartlett, Pontiff, Stewart & Rhodes, P.C., Glens Falls, since … Director, Arrow Financial Corp. and Glens Falls National Bank and Trust …
arrow financial corp – Edgar-online
The undersigned shareholder(s) of Arrow Financial Corporation, a New York corporation. (the “Company”), hereby appoint(s) Richard J. Bartlett, Esq. and …
the Mining – Facebook
If you take a good hard look at the Adirondack Park and WHO Gave It Life You’ll … David and Nelson Rockefeller and Carl DeSantis and Richard Bartlett and …
Prospect Mountain – The Adirondack Almanack
Adirondack Family Activities: Diane Chase: Lake George’s Prospect Mountain …. Assembly and served through 1958, when he was succeeded by Richard Bartlett. … Former Lake George Park Commission Chairman Carl DeSantis says of …
- [PDF]The Plan for the Future of the Lake George Park, 1987
- Edward Hood, Assistant Director for Adirondack Park Plan. James W. Hotaling … Richard Bartlett. Lyman A. Beeman, Jr. … Carl DeSantis. Steering Committee.
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fultonhistory.com/…/Warrensburg%20NY%20Lake%20George%20New…
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The Adirondack Mountains of New-. York State have a large …. DeSantis, and. Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Bartlett. … were devised by Carl DeSantis,. Joseph Cicco …
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Warrensburg NY Lake George News 1968-1970 Grayscale
fultonhistory.com/…/Warrensburg%20NY%20Lake%20George%20News%…Richard Bartlett … R. Grant Fleck, President for the Adirondack Park Asso. William Busch Jr. Chairman, for the Lake George. Park Commission … John T. Garry 2nd, Joseph A Garry Jr., Carl. DeSantis, Robert J. Cronin, John C. Mannix, Arto.
[PDF]ANNUAL REPORT – Lake George Association
the restored wetlands are taking shape, and the park design is progressing. …. Additional information was supplied to the Adirondack Park Agency (APA) and the New …… Richard Bartlett. Karen and …. Barbara and Carl Desantis, Sr. Richard …
THOSE THAT CONCIEVED AND DESIRED THE PARK
MILKED IT FOR ALL IT’S WORTH
THE PUPPET MASTERS ……. WHO really owns AMERICA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIHfifoM7II
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwvq_JKVcdI…
The Money Masters (1996) [FULL DOCUMENTARY …
The Story of Your Enslavement – YouTube
We can only be kept in the cages we do not see. A brief history of human enslavement – up to and including …
The Lie We Live | The Story of Your Enslavement – YouTube
https://youtu.be/ipe6CMvW0Dg – The Lie We Live actual video!! Two incredible short films I couldn’t resist re …
Royal US Presidents
I found that George Washington was of royal blood. …. Clinton’s royal roots include several medieval monarchs and Simon de Montford, a statesman and soldier …
Hillary, Bush, and Queen Elizabeth II are all related!!, page 1 …
Hillary Rodham Clinton, and Barbara Pierce Bush (Dubya’s Mom), are both … De Clare is a direct originator of a bloodline that includes Hillary Rodham Clinton, …. A quick search has lead to topics concerning royal bloodlines.
some notes
The Age of NANO MINING AND THORIUM $ALT REACTOR$
Hochschild, DeSantis, Bartlett, Rockefeller and ALL Their Cronies Judge Dier, The Littles, Frosts, Good Old Judge Crangle, The Halls, Post Star and the Whole GANG.
AGENDA 21 Under Cover Fwd: Mining The Good Old Adirondacks By Smoke and Mirror
to david, jackie, brian, natasha, nora, martha, ellen, info, info, info, Annette, JKSalvador, Carmen, FOIL, atginfo, civilrights, consumerquesti., Records, lcc, R5, Scot, adirondacks, kamayo_smith, ralovera, APA
AGENDA 21 Under Cover …..
A Global World Bank Agenda …
http://www.bing.com/images/search…
It sure is coincidental that David and Nelson Rockefellers Wealthy Cronies (Carl DeSantis and Richard Bartlett Et Al ) and the Fed Reserve and World Central Banks have been Mining the State of New York and the Adirondack Park for Decades …. Actually the Super Rich have been Extracting Adirondack and Kattskill and New York Looting since the BRITISH and FRENCH LANDED …. No Wonder There was that BIG French and Indian War Aroostick War and Border Disputes with Canada and the American Revolution and War of 1812 and the Civil War and War in Europe …. It’s all about EXTRACTING NATURAL RESOURCES WEALTH and Environmental Tourism Bucks Lets Not Forget the Bucks in Environmentalism and Tourism.
Funny Stuff Hey Fellas
AGENDA 21 a Giant Ponzi Scheme and Robbery
Date: Sun, Sep 23, 2012 at 5:25 AM
Subject: Mining The Good Old Adirondacks By Smoke and Mirror
To: info@fundforlakegeorge.org, info@lakegeorgewaterkeeper.org
FUND for Lake George
2199a Route 9 / PO Box 352
Lake George, NY 12845
518-668-9700
info@fundforlakegeorge.org
Lake George Waterkeeper
2199a Route 9 / PO Box 591
Lake George, NY 12845
518-668-5913
info@lakegeorgewaterkeeper.org
Mining The Good Old Adirondacks By Smoke and Mirror ?
AGENDA 21 Under Cover …..
So We Have Lake Sand and Delta Dredging / Mining Planned for Lake George YUP Mining the Great Sacandaga and Lake George for vast Gold and Precious Metals and Minerals is coming to Lake George and all the other Adirondack Water Sheds. Sediment Basins and Tanks what is in the Bottom of them again ???
http://gsldeepening.com/FultonCountyShareholderscopy.pdf
If you take a good hard look at the Adirondack Park and WHO Gave It Life You’ll Find a Grand Scheme to Lock It Up so certain Very Wealthy Families could do the Back Door Con and Reap Vast Benefits from Environmental Tourism and real Estate Development and Lawyering and Banking and North Way Development and many many many other Investment Projects all filtering back to … The World Central Banks and the Federal Reserve. Oil and Gas and Metals and Timber and Park Lands and Park Jobs and all those Lawyers and Courts and State Agency Pay Checks and Retirement, Medicak and Dental … AH Lots of Money for the Very Well Connected.
Now lets see … WHO IS IT That Brought Us The APA again … Carl DeSantis and Richard Bartlett and
The Rockefellers.
The Primary Owners of the Federal Reserve Bank Are:
“The Primary Owners of the Federal Reserve Bank Are:
1. Rothschild’s of London and Berlin
2. Lazard Brothers of Paris
3. Israel Moses Seaf of Italy
4. Kuhn, Loeb & Co. of Germany and New York
5. Warburg & Company of Hamburg, Germany
6. Lehman Brothers of New York
7. Goldman, Sachs of New York
8. Rockefeller Brothers of New York
So We Have Lake Sand and Delta Dredging YUP Mining the Great Sacandaga for vast Gold and Precious Metals and Minerals is coming to Lake George and all the other Adirondack Water Sheds and Vast New Luxury Condos Being Built for the Banksters and Insurance Companies and Ultra Wealthy in the Very Heart of he Park.
David and Nelson Rockefeller and Carl DeSantis and Richard Bartlett and those Sneaky World Banksters the Rockefeller GANG and Agenda 21 Environmentalism that have brought you financing for all the APA and Nature Conservancy Purchases and all the DEC and other Land Conservancy Financing and Grants from International Paper and Finch Pryn et al GO FIGURE $$$$$$$$$$$$$
Bottom of Great Sacandaga Lake eyed for mineral trove
poststar.com/…/local/article_7c450c5e-c361-11df-adb7-001cc4c…
Dredging could improve the lake’s coldwater fisheries, and also help combat erosion on the lake’s shores, said Randy Gardinier, chairman of the Great Sacandaga Lake …
Seeing benefit at the bottom of a lake – Times Union
www.timesunion.com/…/arti…/Seeing-benefit-at-the-bottom-of-a…
Ambrosino’s interest in the geology of the Great Sacandaga Lake began in the … Seeing benefit at the bottom of a lake Texan says dredging Great Sacandaga can …
Bottom of Great Sacandaga Lake eyed for mineral trove
poststar.com/…/local/bottom-of-great-sacandaga-lake-eyed-for…
If someone starts dredging the Great Sacandaga Lake, be careful. I believe the lake bed is owned by the Black River/Hudson River Regulating District.
Mining the Great Sacandaga Lake – Saratoga Seen – Saratoga …
blog.timesunion.com/sa…/mining-the-great-sacandaga-lake/7178
NO, NO, NO!!! Is Mr. Ambrosino going to personally fund the environmental impact study for the dredging of the reservoir? It seems to me that profit is the EXACT …
Arthur M. Ambrosino MS thesis abstract
www.atmos.albany.edu/geology/webpages/ambrosin.html
Sediment characteristics around the Kenyon Island Group, Great Sacandaga Lake (NY): economic potential of dredging and land reclamation Arthur M. Ambrosino 2001
Great Sacandaga Lake minerals could mean big money …
www.adirondackdailyenterprise.com/…/content.detail/id/514983…
A boat pulls a wakeboarder in July on the Great Sacandaga Lake in Northampton. … of Environmental Conservation, do not anticipate issuing any permits for dredging …
River currents interrupt Hudson dredging – Dredging News Online
www.sandandgravel.com/news/article.asp?v1=11897
… slowed the first week of the dredging project on the river. Quoting the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the report said releases from the GreatSacandaga …
Engineer says deepening lake would benefit area – …
www.leaderherald.com/page/content.detail/id/525073.html…
GREAT SACANDAGA LAKE – There’s big money below the surface of the GreatSacandaga Lake … of Environmental Conservation, do not anticipate issuing any permits for dredging …
http://www.bing.com/search…
Adirondack Club and Resort Project – Tupper Lake
www.adirondackcouncil.org/ACRtupperlakeinfo07.html
… of the Adirondack Park and the Town of Tupper Lake. … that the Adirondack Park Agency (APA … to the financial risk related to second home and condo …
NCPR News Topics – big-tupper
www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/tags/big-tupper
… and Resort won permission to build more than 700 luxury homes and condos … voted 10-to-1 to approve development of a massive new resort in Tupper Lake. The vote at APA…
Adirondack Club & Resort Gets Permit From The APA
www.adirondack.net/whatsnew/…/01/adirondack-club-resort.html
Late last week the Adirondack Park Agency (APA) voted … building more than 700 luxury homes and condos in the area. This will no doubt bring people to Tupper Lake…
Related searches for Tupper Lake APA Condos
www.namesdir.com/F_elizabeth
elizabeth Apa elizabeth Aparicio elizabeth Aparna elizabeth Apazidis elizabeth Apel … elizabeth Condo elizabeth Condon elizabeth Condrick elizabeth Cone elizabeth Cones
APA to vote on huge resort project – WCAX.COM Local Vermont …
www.wcax.com/st…/16559379/apa-to-vote-on-huge-resort-project
Tupper Lake, New York – January 19, 2012. The Adirondack … to build more than 700 luxury homes and condos near the Big Tupper … this week, an environmental group asked APA …
Green groups question Cuomo’s role in Big Tupper review | NCPR …
www.northcountrypublicradio.org/…/st…/20509/20120919/protect…
… decision to grant permits for a big new resort in Tupper Lake. … filed a freedom of information request with the APA … vote, allowing construction of great home camps,condos …
Green light for resort – Adirondack Explorer News Magazine …
www.adirondackexplorer.org/…/2…/02/15/green-light-for-resort
… Council voices support for huge resort in Tupper Lake, revealing split in environmental movement shortly before the APA … his partners to build 660 luxury homes and condos…
ADK_threat – Sierra Club: Atlantic Chapter
newyork.sierraclub.org/SA/Vol40/ADK_threat.htm
… near Tupper Lake remains on paper one of the most serious threats to the Adirondacks in 40 years of Adirondack Park Agency (APA) history. Its650 luxury homes and condos …
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John Apperson Jr – WikiTree
Profile of John Apperson, born April 6, 1878, including biography and genealogy and family photos. … Brother of Alfred H. Apperson Sr, Mary P. Apperson, …
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Saving the islands at lake george
Jun 01, 2014 · Saving the Islands at Lake George John S. Apperson, Jr. (1878-1963) by Ellen Apperson Brown . Home Explore Search You. slideshare Upload; Upload;
For Mother and Dad
https://vimeo.com/132598106
Thanks to the Lake George Mill Pond Mafia
Listen to the ORAL Evidence from the US Supreme Court
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1971/1971_50_orig
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Glens Falls Post Star 1946 Jan-Jun Grayscale
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fultonhistory.com/…/Glens%20Falls%20Post%20Star%201946%20Jan-Jun…
Glens Falls Girl. Becomes Bride of. Hudson Foils Man. Miss Lou Brown Witham, daugh- ter of Mrs. Clifford B. Witham., 121. Cunningham Avenue, city, and the.
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Billboard – Mar 9, 1946 – Google Books Result
Vol. 58, No. 10 – MagazineClifford B. Witham Jr., in the automatic phonograph business here, had the following suggestions: That the legs on a pin game be painted from the bottom up for …
A CLEAR DAY IN THE LIFE OF CLIFFORD B. WITHAM
connection.ebscohost.com/c/excerpts/…/clear-day-life-clifford–b–withamEBSCOhost serves thousands of libraries with premium essays, articles and other content including A CLEAR DAY IN THE LIFE OF CLIFFORD B. WITHAM.
Ethicsgate: Letter to New York Governor Andrew Cuomo Re …
ethicsgate.blogspot.com/2013/…/letter-to-new-york-governor-andrew.ht…Feb 15, 2013 – My Father and His Mother as well as My Brother Clifford has gone to the sale to bid … Clifford B Witham and Anita Witham, et al as def.
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A Lake George Park: Enlisting Women to the Cause – – The …
- Feb 26, 2013 – … of creating a park were several millionaires, including William K. Bixby, who … By 1921, he had asked Hilda Loines to keep him informed about the latest news. … He also recruited Sylvia, the youngest of the three daughters, …
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Jun 1, 2014 – Boathouse – William K. Bixby Hilda and Sylvia Loines; 28. The Roosevelt connection…According to papers in the Apperson archives, FDR had …
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Aug 9, 2012 – Mrs. Mary Loines, and daughters (Hilda and Sylvia)Mary Loines‘ gift … Friends Who Shared the Dream The Loines family William K. Bixby; 19.
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Feb 17, 2013 – … William K. Bixby, and George Knapp, along with several influential …. at GE), or the Loines sisters (Sylvia and Hilda – who helped him make …
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About 80% of our patrons to the Fort William Henry Hotel, at Lake George, last …. William K. Bixby … Hilda Loines became a sort of first … Sylvia, the youngest.
Catalogue of the Library of the Arnold Arboretum of …
Arnold Arboretum. Library – 1917 – Botanyst ruction of dams and the storage of waters on the forest preserve for public purposes. New York. 1907. (Association for the protection of the Adirondacks.
John S. Apperson – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Among the most notable of Apperson’s organizations: Forest Preserve Association of New York State, organized 1934. New York state Trails Conference, Inc., …
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Report on the cause and effect of abnormally
high and low water in Lake George, n.p.
n.pub. 1932. 15p. Report prepared by E.
MacD. Stanton, dated Aug. 19, 1932. 2845
John S. Apperson – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
John Samuel Apperson, Jr. (6 April 1878 – 1 February 1963), known as Appie, … notably Dome Island, from erosion due to varying water levels at paper mills.
DEDICATED TO THE MILL POND PIN HOLE MAFIA
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Copy to New York State Department of Public Works, NYS Department of Transportation, NYS Forest Preserve, NYS Department of Environmental Conservation also State AG Schneiderman and Governor Andrew Cuomo.Re. Witham FOIL / FOIA Demand.Dear NYS DOT and Department of Public Works/ DEC , Warren County, Town of Queensbury, State of New York, Lake George Association, DEC, NYS State Forest Preserve, NYS Commissioner of Public Works, Attorney General State of New York, Office of the Governor New York State Et Al ……..GREETINGSALL Parties, Respondents and Interveners recorded in the Judicial Record above reveal Warren County and Queensbury are deeply involved and witnesses to the WINTER TIME Lake George Lake Level Manipulations.The State of New York’s FINGER PRINTS are all over the Destruction of Clifford and Anita Witham’s Marina at Harris Bay ( The Swamp / East Shores Harbour Marina ).The New York State Attorney General, State Forest Preserve, Director of New York Public Works, THE EMPIRE STATE …. Their Agents, Representatives, Employees and Agencies records concerning these matters are AGAIN herein requested. FOIA and FOIL are again invoked by Myself.DEC, The New York Forest Preserve, New York Attorney General and Governor of the State’s records are demanded.1. The Records of the Lake Bed Ownership by New York State2. The photos, charts and maps of shoreline erosion and destruction as addressed in the Lake George Trespassing Cases.3. The records which reveal the Lake George Association Agents and Representatives that are the POLICE Authority for Water Quality and Lake Levels on Lake George during the tears 1943 – 19724. Records reflecting Paper Making Operations and Water Usage from Lake George for Papermaking during the WINTER MONTHS during the years 1900 – 19725. The Sewage from Ticonderoga Flushed or Dumped into the LaChute River from 1900 – 19726. Mill Wastes Discharges into the LaChute River from 1900 – 1972 by ALL Polluters of the LaChute River and Lake Champlain.7. During the Lake George Trespassing Cases a great number of exhibits were introduced by New York State’s Lawyers and the Lawyers for both Defendants and Plaintiffs ….. the records are requested as well as the records of where they are being archived and preserved.8. Investigation files by the Forest Preserve and Department of Conservation which appertain to Land Owners, Land to be Protected, Land to be Acquired and lands desired to be purchased for the State Forest Preserve in the Lake George Basin.9. Investigation and land records for the Wetlands at Dunhams Bay, Catskill Bay and Harris Bay compiled by New York State for the Forest Preserve, DEC or the State in connection with investigations of Land Owners.10. Investigation of land owned by Howard Mason, Clifford and Anita Witham known as the Harris Bay Wetlands and ALL Transactional and Payment Records from New York State to The Harris Bay Development Corporation, The Saint Sacrement Landing Corporation and the Old Causeway Corporation which appertain to the Witham Family.11. The State’s records which reflect the Department of Land Acquisition for the State Forest Preserve or DEC which reflect the title examinations, appraisals, environmental importance or environmental protection mission for lands within the Lake George Park and the Adirondack Park Generally.12. The financial records of all owners, operators, financiers, principles and interests that profited from the use of Lake George Water for Electricity and Paper Making Machines located along the LaChute River from the Rock Dam to Dam ” A” and below to Lake Champlain for the Years 1900 through 1972.13. All records which reflect Papermaking and Electrical Generation operations between Lake George and Lake Champlain during the WINTER ….. Ice and Snow Cover Months for the Years 1900 – 1972.14. All Maps, Testing, Photographs, Films and other Records regarding the SEWAGE and Mill Wastes FLUSHED and DUMPED into the LaChute River by the Village and Town of Ticonderoga as well as the Mills and Industries that dumped Chemicals and paper Wastes ETC ETC into the Sewage laden LaChute during the Years 1900 – 1972. NOTE the SEWAGE and MILL WASTES Sludge / Slop and Mess currently laying on the bottom of the LaChute and all around Fort Ticonderoga on the Bottom of Lake Champlain are requested.15. Records of Clean Up Operations of any kind to remove the SEWAGE and Mill Wastes mess referenced herein are requested for any period Clean Up and Removal of the Mess occurred.16. Investigations of Anita and Clifford Witham regarding the Witham Marinas at Katskill and Harris Bay are requested and ALL Records of Monies Expended for purchasing the Wetlands at Warner/ Katskill and Harris Bays for Witham or Harris Bay Development Corporation lands are requested.I ask that all responses be made in an ELCTRONIC RECORDS FORMAT and that the Public Interests in this information be taken into consideration and that fee waivers be granted in the Public Interest.Thank YouJudson WithamThank YouJudson Witham
The Robber Barons In Action
The 100 Most Important American Financial Crises: An Encyclopedia of …
Credit tightened throughout the nation as banks attempted to reduce their exposure to speculative land purchases. The firm of Robert Morris and John Nicholson …
A History of Financial Crises: Dreams and Follies of Expectations
Within the three years following 1833 the number of state-chartered banks increased by 50 … and merchants, many of whom were engaged in land speculation.
Practical Banking: With a Survey of the Federal Reserve Act
Conant, Charles A., History of Modern Banks of Issue, 5, 6, 8, 211, 220; 224, 228, … speculation in land the basis of crisis, 224, 225; rapid liquidation from April, …
Early National America 1790-1850 – Page 79 – Google Books Result
In 1832, four years before the Bank’s charter was scheduled to end, Clay placed its … Land. Speculation. Leads. to. a. Crisis. With the Bank of the United States …
The Iron Age – Volume 93 – Page 606 – Google Books Result
FINANCIAL CONDITIONS NOT THE BEST The financial and commercial … and the land speculation undoubtedly has much to do with the commercial crisis.
Iron Age – Volume 93 – Page 606 – Google Books Result
FINANCIAL CONDITIONS NOT THE BEST The financial and commercial … and the land speculation undoubtedly has much to do with the commercial crisis.
Land Speculation and the Boom/ Bust Cycle – Understanding Economics
A variety of events have been associated with the onset of economic crises: natural … Henry George identifies the root cause in the speculative rise of land prices, which … In the run-up to the “Crash of 2008,” financial deregulation encouraged …
The Panic of 1837 – Boundless
https://www.boundless.com › … › The Van Buren Administration
The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis based on speculative fever: Inflation rose … the government was selling land for state bank notes of questionable value.
The Panic of 1819 – Boundless
https://www.boundless.com › … › The Monroe and Adams Administrations
The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States and occurred … It was made worse, however, by land speculation and poor banking …
Panic of 1837 – Dictionary definition of Panic of 1837 | Encyclopedia …
http://www.encyclopedia.com › History
With land speculation continuing rampantly Jackson issued the “Specie Circular” in … Unfortunately, this coincided with an internal financial crisis in England, …
J. B. Witham all RIGHTS RESERVED ©
The Birth Place of the Son of Swamp Fox
SEE HERE FOR SOME TRUE Glens Fall’s Area History
The Last of the Mohicans, Cooper’s Historical Inventions, and his Cave
James Austin Holden
(University of the State of New York)*
Paper presented at the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the New York State Historical Association, October 3-5, 1916, Cooperstown, New York.
Published in Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association, Vol. XVI (1917), pp. 212-255.
The Magical Fantastic Dancing Surveys of Queensbury and Warren County …… The REAL HISTORY
Documentary History of New York
This map, I am informed by Peter Nelson, head of the manuscripts section of the State Library, was preserved in a damaged condition, but tbe part saved is complete as to the New York section of it. Another copy of the map is to be found in the Congressional Library collection of geographical atlases in that compiled by Sir R. Dudley, 1646-47. See Congressional Library list of 1909, no. [100].
The map which Doctor Holden supposed had supplied Cooper with his name for Lake George, was at the time believed to be one of the oldest maps of the province extant. It was engraved by Lucini, an Italian, and before the fire of 1911 was in the map collection of the New York State Library.19 It shows the “Horicans” at latitude 42 and inland from “the gulf of Plymouth.”20 Doctor O’Callaghan believed this map, though undated, to have been engraved about 1631.21 More modern authorities, however, would place its construction around 1639 or 1635,22 or perhaps even a little later.
There were other old maps of the New England and New Netherland regions which might have been available for Cooper’s use, but even today some of these are scarce and rare, except in reproductions, so that their accessibility in 1826 is extremely doubtful.
Among them was Nicholas J. Visscher’s map of the New Netherlands, published in 1655, which shows the “Horicans” located somewhere near Buzzards bay, not far from latitude 41 in southeastern Massachusetts, the “Moricans” near the mouth of the Fresh river, and the “Horikans” established toward the upper reaches of the Fresh (Versche), now called the Connecticut, river, between latitude 43 and 44. They, with the river, are placed, however, to the westward of Lake Irocosia, or Champlain, on the map instead of the eastward, as they should have been.
Here is an embarrassment of riches, where we have “Horicans” and “Horikans,” to say nothing of “Moricans,” to choose from,23 each one located many miles away from the others.
Next we have Adriaen vander Donck’s map of the New Netherlands, published in 1656,24 which shows a tribe called Horikans on the upper reaches of the Versche (Fresh) river (the Connecticut) about opposite “Fort Orange” (Albany) and “Colonye.”
It seems strange that vander Donck did not describe the various nations named on his map, as he has given us a very good pen picture of the New Netherlands in his “Representation” of 1650, with a description of the “Fresh river.”25
Miss Cooper, in her introduction to the Houghton and Mifflin edition of Cooper of 1896, has tried to show that the Dutch writer, DeLaet, places the tribe of the Horicans near Lake George. I do not read the passage in the same way, nor do I agree with her conclusions.
De Laet says, in his New World, in chapter 8: “Next on the same south coast, succeeds a river named by our countrymen Fresh River [the Connecticut]…at the distance of fifteen leagues…nation is called Sequins. From this place the river stretches ten leagues, mostly in a northerly direction, but is very crooked;…the natives there…are called Nawaas. This place is situated in latitude 41º 48′. The river is not navigable with yachts for more than two leagues farther, as it is very shallow and has a rocky bottom. Within the land dwells another nation of savages who are called Horikans; they descend the river in canoes made of bark.” That is the present Connecticut river, not the Hudson.
Since preparing the foregoing the writer has been fortunate to find26 in the New York State Library a copy of the rare 1630 edition of DeLaet’s “Beschryvinge van west Indien.”27 In this the original passage runs: “Binnen in het landt woondt een ander natie van Wilden welck sy noemen Horikans, die dese rivier af komen met canoen van basten ghemaeckt.” This, A. J. F. van-Laer, New York State Archivist, has translated as follows: “In the interior of the country dwells another tribe of Indians whom they call Horikans, who come down the river in canoes made of bark.” This it will be noted closely corresponds with the rendering given in Jameson, it being kept in mind the river in question is the Connecticut of today.
In this old Elzevir edition are two rather interesting maps of collateral interest, on one of which,28 showing about latitude 45-46, are two unnamed bodies of water similar in shape to Lakes Champlain and George. Beyond these are two other bodies somewhat similarly joined together, one marked “Grand lac,” the other “lac des Yroquois,” On the other map, however, between latitude 43 and 46, are two bodies of water joined together to form “Lac de Champlain” and {“}Yroquoys,”29 which more nearly resemble in location and shape those we are familiar with.
It is plain from an examination of DeLaet’s description, therefore, that by no possibility of translation can the Horikans (with a “k”) be transferred except by force to the Lake George region30 from the Fresh or Connecticut River, down which “they descend in bark canoes.”
After describing the “Fresh” river, DeLaet gives a description of the “Great river” (the Hudson), as far as “Fort Orange” (Albany). He mentions the Mackwaes (Mohawks), the enemies of the Mohicans, but in no way describes the Horicans, as being located in this section, and certainly not in the vicinity of Lake George as Miss Cooper intimates.31 Had they been there, DeLaet would undoubtedly have mentioned them, as they would have been the natural enemies of the Iroquois, or Mohawks.32
The English publisher, John Ogilby, shows the “Horikans” on the upper reaches of the Versche river on his map “Nova Belgii Tabula,” 1670, in his folio atlas of America, but it is evidently copied from the earlier Visscher map, showing the same inaccurate placing of Lake Irocosia to the east of the Connecticut instead of the west and about opposite the latitude of “New Albany” and “Colonye” on the Hudson.33
In Louis Hennepin’s work, “A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America,” in the map at the beginning of the book, is shown what purports to be the region now known as northern New York. The map is neither accurate nor plainly indicated, but near the headwaters of the Hudson and Lake George and Champlain appears the name “Horican.” The query is: Did Cooper refer to this map or some of the others mentioned? Hennepin does not appear ever to have seen Lake Champlain or Lake George, his travels being in the western part of the State, in Ohio, the farther west and the south, and his information touching eastern New York was largely derived from others. His knowledge was second hand, although his map may be good enough for a novelist’s purposes. As a geographer, Hennepin has been rather savagely attacked by historians, and his text assailed as to its accuracy.34
On the subject of the Mahikans, Dr. W. M. Beauchamp has said: “The Mahikans were the most northern nation of the Algonquin family in New York, occupying both banks of the Hudson and for some distance west along its upper waters. Saratoga was once in their territory. They claimed the land for two days’ journey west of Albany and farther south their claim was good. Their southern limits were below the Catskills, and some place them still farther south. South of these were several small nations of this family, whose names and locations are somewhat confused.”35 It will be noted that Doctor Beauchamp, in assigning to the Mahikans an occupation so northerly, nowhere designates them as Horicans.
In considering this matter too, it must be remembered that the original inhabitants of the Lake George region were called “Adirondacks,” or tree-eaters. An old Jesuit Relation says in describing this region: “We find here also the Adirondacks, that is to say, eaters of trees. This name has been given them by the Iroquois in ridicule for their fasting while on the chase (hunting). It has been changed more slowly into that of Algonquins.”36 In neither Father Jogues Narrative nor any of the Jesuit Relations so far as examined does the name of “Horican” appear as a tribe, location or name in the Adirondack wilderness.
John Gilmary Shea has a plausible version of the name. In speaking of Lake George he says: “This is now called Lake George, after one of the worthy monarchs of the name. Some old map had Horicon for Hirocoi, and the misprint has been metamorphosed into a name for the lake….”37
Evidently Francis Parkman agreed somewhat with Shea, for in a footnote he says: “Lake George, according to Jogues, was called by the Mohawks Andiatarocte, or ‘Place where the Lake closes.’ Andiataraque is found on a map of Sanson. Spafford, ‘Gazetteer of New York,’ article ‘Lake George,’ says that it was called Canideri-oit, or ‘Tail of the Lake.’ Father Martin, in his notes on Bressani, prefixes to this name that of ‘Horicon,’ but gives no original authority. I have seen an old Latin map on which the name ‘Horiconi’ is set down as belonging to a neighboring tribe. This seems to be only a misprint for ‘Horicoui,’ that is ‘Irocoui,’ or ‘Iroquois.’ In an old English map, prefixed to the rare tract, A Treatise of New England, the ‘Lake of Hierocoyes’ is laid down. The name ‘Horicon,’ as used by Cooper in his ‘Last of the Mohicans,’ seems to have no sufficient historical foundation. In 1646, the lake, as we shall see, was named ‘Lac St. Sacrement.’”38
The name “Horican” disappears, so far as the writer has been able to discover, from the English maps of the eighteenth century, thereby leading to the supposition that the tribe was either amalgamated or absorbed by neighboring tribes, or had been conquered and made tributary in the numerous petty Indian wars in the latter part of the seventeenth and earlier part of the eighteenth centuries. In his earlier work, “The Indian Tribes of Hudson’s River,” E. M. Ruttenber places the Horicans at the headwaters of the Hudson. He, however, changed his views in regard to the tribe considerably when he prepared his “Indian Geographical Names,” published by this association in 1906.39 at this time he wrote: Horikans was written by DeLaet, in 1625, as the name of an Indian tribe living at the headwaters of the Connecticut. On an ancient map Horicans is written in lat. 41, east of the Narragansetts on the coast of New England. In the same latitude Moricans is written west of the Connecticut, and Horikans on the upper Connecticut in latitude 42. Morhicans is the form on Carte Figurative of 1614-16. and Mahicans by the Dutch on the Hudson. The several forms indicate that the tribe was the Moricans or Mourigans of the French, the Maikans or Mahikans of the Dutch and the Mohegans of the English. It is certain that that tribe held the headwaters of the Connecticut as well as of the Hudson. The novelist, Cooper, gave life to DeLaet’s orthography in his ‘Last of the Mohegans.’”
In fact, in an old map upon which the Queen Ann patent of the Kayaderosseras is based in 1708, what is now Hudson Falls is marked as “3 Falls” and Glens Falls as “4th Falls.”
THE ANCIENT MAPS COME TO LIFE
17. From Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans, any late edition. Cooper refers here to the “Les Horicans. No map which I have yet seen, or which has been described by others, has this wording of the name. In fact a recent letter from the map division of the Llbrary of Congress says: In answer to the letter…concerning a map, oontaining the name Les Horicans as applied to the Mohlcans, I would say that the name “Horicans” or “Horikans~” oocurs on many early maps but I am unable to find one on which. “Les Horicans” appears…. De Laet’s map gives “Mahicans” with “Les Horikans” in the French edition, 1640. (Memorandum, P. Lee Phillips, chief, division of maps, Library ot Congress, November 6, 1917.) It seems so improbable that Cooper ever saw DeLaet’s Flrench edition, however, I am iforced to believe he made here a slip of memory~ or one of the pen, as he specifies a map in his preface, while DeLaet’s map does not contain the word “Horicans” at all. Again even in the DeLaet text the word is spelled with a “k” which Cooper does not use.
18. Beauchamp.
19. This map, I am informed by Peter Nelson, head of the manuscripts section of the State Library, was preserved in a damaged condition, but tbe part saved is complete as to the New York section of it. Another copy of the map is to be found in the Congressional Library collection of geographical atlases in that compiled by Sir R. Dudley, 1646-47. See Congressional Library list of 1909, no. [100].
20. E. B. O’Callaghan, The Documentary History of the State of New Yark. Albany, 1849, 8vo. ed., 1850, 4to ed., map to face title page.
21. Id. note to 4to edition.
22. P. L. Phillips, chief, division of maps and charts, Library of Congress, List of Geographical Atlases, v. 1, Washington, 1909, p. 214.
23. See map reproduced in colors In E. M. Avery’s History of United States, Cleveland [1905], v. 2, p. 246-47, insert; also id, in John Fiske’s Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., ed. 1903, op· p· 203-4, insert.
24. Reproductions of this map are shown in Collections of New York Historical Society, 2d series. New York, 1841, op. title page; in Justin Winsor’s Narrative and Critical History of America, Boston and New York [1884], v. 4, p. 439; in Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association, v. 6, 1906, op. title page, Indian Geographical Names, by E. M. Ruttenber; and in J. F. Jameson’s Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664, Scribners Sons, New York, 1909, op. p. 294. Other reproductions of this map are listed in Winsor, v. 4, P· 438, note 4.
25. Collections of the New York Historical Society, 2d series, New York, 1841, v. 1. p. 125-243. Jameson’s Narratives of New Netherland, p. 295-354.
26. Through the kindness of Peter Nelson in charge of the manuscripts section of the State Library.
27. Leyden, 1630, Elzevirs’ edition.
28. Op. p. 88.
29. See map marked “Nova Francia et Regiones Adiacenti.”
30. Hedges, United States Government ethnologist, is in error in his conclusions that the Horicons were “a people living on the head waters of the Hudson,” nor do his quoted authorities uphold his conclusions. Had he said head waters of the Connecticut, he might have been nearer the fact. Handbook of American Indians, North of Mexico, Washington, 1907, part 1. p. 569.
31. Miss Cooper’s introduction, P· XLIII.
32. See extracts from DeLaet’s New World, in Jameson’s Narratives of New Netherland, 1625, 1630, 1633, 1640-1, p. 43, 47.
33. Wlnsor’s Narrative and Critical History, v. 4, p. 392. Note “from Ogilby’s America p. 169.” A copy of this rare London
Atlas of 1671 is in the State Library at Albany and shows the whole of this map instead of the part of it given in Winsor. From from this it is clearly taken from the earlier Visscher map.
MINERAL RESOURCES O NEW YORK
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Since the arrival of European colonists in New York, the
extraction of mineral wealth has been an important
societal goal. Mining, then and now, provides the raw
materials for consumer goods. Iron was used for cook
ing utensils and stoves, among other things. It was the
basis for many construction projects. The availability of
“hydraulic” cement was as important in the success of
the Erie Canal as it is to the maintenance of the New
York State Thruway. Mines provided materials to
improve the standard of living of the populace. Late
nineteenth century clay mines in the Hudson River
Valley provided clay to make literally billions of bricks
used to replace the highly flammable wooden building
materials of New York City. The State of New York has,
since the 1980s, ranked about fifteenth in the nation in
terms of mineral value extracted annually. The Mineral
Information Institute reports that each person in New
York consumes, on average, 9,871 pounds of stone,
7,811 pounds of sand and gravel, and 714 pounds of
cement every year (Mineral Information Institute 2009).
Mining in New York began as soon as people entered
the region after the retreat of the last glacial period.
Native Americans extracted chert for projectile points;
clay for pottery; and red, yellow, and black iron and
manganese minerals for pigments. Various types of
stone were used by these early peoples for jewelry, dec
oration, and tool making. The modern history of mining
in New York began in the southeastern part of the state.
As European settlers spread inland, into the Hudson
Valley and Adirondacks and westward through the
Mohawk Valley to western New York, mining activities
accompanied them. Not all portions of the state are
equally endowed with mineral wealth. Consequently,
many more mines were established in regions such as
the Hudson Highlands and Adirondacks than in the
Catskills or Southern Tier. Furthermore, since “you can
only mine the ore where the ore is,” certain commodi
ties were mined only in specific parts of the state. For
example, no salt mines ever existed in the Adirondacks
and no garnet was ever mined in the Southern Tier.
The Colonial Period
As soon as Europeans arrived in New Netherland, they
began to search for mineral wealth, particularly pre
cious metals. Initially, they traded for metal with the
Native Americans and later, as homesteads and com
munities were established, the Europeans began to
explore on their own. Gold and silver were never found
in economic quantities, but other metals were equally or
more important for daily life. Iron was first extracted
from “bog” deposits. These were small pockets of
limonite that were literally deposited in swamps. At the
same time, limonite occurred in weathered pockets of
rock in the Hudson Highlands and was used for ore.
These deposits soon proved to be too small and lean,
and further exploration revealed many deposits of mag
netite. This mineral became the iron ore of choice. The
ore was reduced to metal in local refineries and used for
cookware, tools, weapons, and construction materials.
The earliest iron mines of this period were located in
Columbia and Orange counties. Lead and copper were
also metals that the people of the colonial period
sought. Galena and chalcopyrite were mined in several
counties in the Hudson Valley and in the Mid Hudson
region. The lead ore mineral galena also contains traces
of silver, and unsuccessful attempts were made to estab
lish mines for the latter metal. In addition to metals,
stone of several types was quarried for building pur
poses. Depending on the local geological resources,
marble, limestone, and sandstone were quarried for
building stone. Clay deposits, which are common in the
Hudson Valley and across the state, were mined for
brick and rough pottery.
From the Time Tunnel ….. JBW
The Son of the Swamp Foxes
The Adirondacks Conspiracy 
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SECRET SOCIETIES The Rockefellers Would Never
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NYCO and NYS DEC are SLEEPING WITH ……… http://www.bing.com/search?q=imetal%20rothschild%20%20%20Natural%20%20Resources%20&qs=n&form=QBRE&pq=imetal%20rothschild%20natural%20resources%20&sc=0-17&sp=-1&sk=&cvid=90c6acd5665344e782f363da2c38a511
Complaint: DEC Illegally Lobbied For Company Mining Wilderness Area by Editorial Staff – See more at: http://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2015/08/complaint-dec-illegally-lobbied-for-company-mining-wilderness-area.html#comment-1259836
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SUPREME COURT MAJORITY OPINION
AMERICAS COURTS BUSTED !
FOUND USING JURISDICTION FRAUD
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. Trowbridge, Jr. et al
Assigned to: Judge Michael H. Schneider
Referred to: Magistrate Judge Keith F. Giblin
Cause: 26:7401 IRS: Tax Liability CIVIL DOCKET FOR CASE #: 9:14-cv-00138-MHS-KFG
CASREF,MHS2
Petitioner is a Joint Tenant in the Sovereignty (Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419, 471 (1793)).
“DEMAND FOR DISMISSAL, WITH PREJUDICE, OF THIS ALLEGED CASE FOR
LACK OF CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY THAT GIVES THE COURT THE
CAP A CITY TO TAKE JURISDICTION AND ENTER JUDGMENTS, ORDERS,
AND DECREES IN FAVOR OF THE UNITED STATES ARISING FROM A CIVIL
OR CRIMINAL PROCEEDING REGARDING A DEBT.”
“When one intends the facts to which the law attaches consequences, he must abide the consequences whether
intended or not. One can not elect to make his home in one place in point of interest and attachment and for
the general purposes of life, and in another, where he in fact has no residence, for the purpose of
taxation. . . .” Texas v. Florida, 306 U.S. 398 (1939).
When any United States District Judge in any civil action issues an order commanding the plaintiff or
defendant to do anything, is incontrovertible evidence that (1) the judge is a legislative-branch officer
exercising personal jurisdiction over the litigants and prosecuting the case sua sponte, and (2) the court
is an Article IV legislative court of general jurisdiction—with authority only in “Territory or other
Property belonging to the United States” (Constitution, Article 4 § 3(2)), such as the District of Columbia.
More Here – https://supremecourtcase.wordpress.com/2015/11/05/docket-and-record-houston-and-lufkin-
division-federal-tax-cases-2/
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The Biltmore Mobsters http://www.bing.com/search?q=Blue+Mountain+Center++Wildlands+Project+++Hochschild&go=Submit+Query&qs=bs&form=QBRE
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Reblogged this on Alternative Media.
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This tremendous history collection and documenting of the trail a few men were able to plan and orchestrate leaves me with new thoughts.
What was the foundation or blueprint these men used to corrupt this entire world?
Why has millions of people joined these few men, culminating in a viral infection successfully spreading throughout humanity?
How was the universal allure implemented which captures that cast masses agreement?
How is the unwitting enslavement of so many brought about without their knowledge or desire for resolve?
The source of every one of these questions this history has inspires lies in only one, now obvious place. It IS within each and every individual, every single one who this viral enslavement has infected.
What is it then?
What was the vastly successful appeal, so strong as to subvert millions of people?
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I used to think that the US citizens were duped into the fraud. I no longer think that. They willingly trade freedom and liberty for the security of the UCMJ. The founders of our Republic were in the minority. We the people are in the minority. There are more US citizens.
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MONEY POWER PRESTIGE SEX DRUGS ROCK N ROLL
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SEE The FABIAN SOCIALISTS OF NEW YORK https://theadirondacksconspiracy.wordpress.com/adirondacks-a-collectivism-of-greed/
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ENJOY Some Turtle Island Perspectives https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgnAR-rwsj0 Maybe Joeseph Smith and Martin Harris were NOT all that well EDUCATED ?? Brigham Young and the LDS / Mormons had LOTS to gain right … Just Saying
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